The Cold War Was A Different Type Of War That The World

The Cold War was a different type of war that the world has never seen before. Instead of deploying troops, there was the threat of the deployment of nuclear bombs. This development in technology was an invisible threat which had the potential to wipe out an entire population in mere moments. If the U.S. was unable to harness the power of nuclear weapons first, then they feared that they would be annihilated and life as they knew it would forever change. The United States saw this nuclear arms race as a ticking time bomb. If it were to explode, then not only would the U.S. be wiped off from the face of the Earth, but liberty and freedom would vanish along with it. This fear would sweep across the nation to the point that the word†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The security of the United States of America was saved by sea of distances, the Allies, and by errors of a prepared enemy.† (Marshall, 211) If we were to rely on others as we did before, it could prove to be a devas tating mistake. We must be self reliant and independent, like during the Second World War. It was through aggressive and proactive acts that the U.S. had claimed victory over Japan. â€Å"The existence of the complex and fearful instruments of destruction now available make this a simple truth which is, in my opinion, undebatable.† (Marshall, 210) Because of the development of the atomic bomb, it would be a catastrophically poor decision to dismantle our greatest weapon and leave ourselves vulnerable. Instead, it should be used as a tool to ensure global peace. A similar claim would be made by President Harry S. Truman. In NSC-68: U.S. objectives and Programs for National Security, 1950, President Truman believes that in order for there to be peace, the United States must maintain its military strength. By doing so, some rights must be given up by the people for the sake of national security. â€Å"With the development of increasingly terrifying weapons of mass destruction, every individual faces the ever-present possibility of annihilation should the conflict enter the phase of total war.† (Truman, 218) Military might cannot be built by the U.S. alone. The burden must be shared among the other free countries for a defeat of free institution anywhere is aShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at the Cold War786 Words   |  3 PagesThe Cold War The Cold War was a time after World War II, so from 1945 to 1991, where the USA (United States of America) and the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) had very different views on what the new world should be like. The Cold War drew international interest for decades. Many major conflicts occurred. The conflicts consisted of the Vietnam War, the Korean War and many others. For most people though, the Cold War was about the creation and the use of weapons of mass destruction,Read MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union995 Words   |  4 Pages World history is an extremely important subject that all students around the world should learn about. World history is simply a branch of knowledge that welcomes all humanity. It is essential to learn because it symbolizes the question of who we are, prepares us to live in the alluring world and ensures cultural literacy. One of the most fascinating events known in history includes the Cold War. This essay will explore the fierce, overpowering, and chaotic Cold War describing itsRead MoreThe Cold War: A New History by John Lewis Gaddis831 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican history was analyzed. The Cold War is rampant with American foreign policy and influential in shaping the modern world. Strategies of Containment outlines American policy from the end of World War II until present day. Gaddis outlines the policies of presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon, including policies influenced by others such as George Kennan, John Dulles, and Henry Kissinger. The author, John Lewis Gaddis has written many books on the Cold War and is an avid researcherRead More Post-Cold War Period Causes of Conflict Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesPost-Cold War Period Causes of Conflict The end of the Cold War meant that the ideological conflict of dominance between East (Soviet Union and Eastern Europe) and West (USA and Western Europe) was over. Contrary to the expectations that world would be much safer in the post-Cold War, United States and Soviet Union were faced with new security issues that they did not know how to deal with. 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Propaganda is an excellent way to spread a fear. This would make people turn a political ideology into an evil entity. In this deconstruction of the propaganda of the Cold War we’ll discuss the seven types of propaganda, and ofRead MoreThe War Of World War II1638 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II was the most widespread war in history and it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. This war lasted from 1939 to 1945. The war pinned the Axis nations which were Germany, Italy, Japan versus the Allied nations which were led by Britain and its Commonwealth nation, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States. The Allies were victorious in the War. It was one of the most significant periods of time in the 20th century. The war resultedRead MoreEssay on Impact of the Cold War on the World Economies1727 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract from Paper World War II created many issues on a world wide scale, two different forms a government were fighting for influence. This created a divide between communist countries and democratic counties which set up the Cold War. This divided world created a globalized economy unlike ever before, one with communist countries and one with democratic. All the countries of the world, of each government type, were interconnected and dependent on each other. The countries of the opposite groupRead MoreIn Elaine Taylor May’S Article, Security Against Democracy:1684 Words   |  7 PagesSecurity against Democracy: The Legacy of the Cold War at Home, written in 2011, she argued that people were willing to forgo personal freedoms for national security. She provided the example of during the nuclear age of the cold war; Americans were more interested in protection rather than concern for the common good. However, as the cold war continued and domestic issues formed, the tight knit social order that was created in the early years was falling apart. She pointed to the start of theRead MoreRivalries Exist Between Nations And The Soviet Union853 Words   |  4 Pages Rivalries exist in every aspect of the world; they highlight the differences between the philosophical, the operational and the political factors of each party. Similar to any other industries, there are always going to be rivalries; Geopolitics is no different. Rivalries exist between nations but the consequences are obviously dramatically different and far worse and no rivalry in the world could ever be compared to the one between the United States and the Soviet Union that took place in the

Do Animals Have A Say Comparative Analysis of Animal...

The subject of animal testing for human advantages has always been a debatable topic. It is still undecided whether the use of animals for human benefits is morally right. On the other hand it is scientists and researchers who think that animals are good testing subjects because of various reasons such as preventing harmful products or finding cures to diseases. The two essays â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs† by Tom Regan and â€Å"Proud to be Speciesist† by Stephen Rose talk about the concerns of animal rights but display the opposite viewpoints on the use of animals. Regans argument has a more broad concept to the matter while Rose takes a deeper dive into exacts with an opinionated personal vibe. As the authors continue writing it is obvious†¦show more content†¦Here, Regan’s ethos is displayed because he is showing who is accountable for the protection of these irreplaceable animals. He clearly provides us with information on the group of people wh o butcher these blue whales and gives us a hands-on illustration on how the butchers operate the whaling process. â€Å"But the crew has other things on their mind. It will take hours of hard work to butcher the huge carcass, a process now carried out at sea† (336). Along the way, Regan is trying to prove why humans should treat animals with respect instead of killing them by saying â€Å"the onus of justification must be borne by those who cause the harm to show that they do not violate the rights of the individuals involved† (339). Regan is trying to make the hunters prove that they are not hurting or endangering any whales and to deem their actions as justice. Regan’s credibility overshadows the narrow-minded ideas of Stephen Rose. Rose’s argument about using animals for science shows that his arguments or opinion are only based off of scientific facts and logical thoughts. Since Rose is a biology professor and a scholar himself, his point of view is valid and holds some type of worthiness or credibility. He says â€Å"The first statement is plain wrong; the second claim that animals have â€Å"rights†, is sheer can’t† (Stephen 342,343). He also mentions â€Å"speciesism† and says that activists are hypocritical and narrow-minded because they too are

Masculinity in waiting for Godot Free Essays

string(140) " the very first time, Pozzo exudes the natural sense of authority that puts all other characters on stage in a subordinate position to him\." This paper aims to explore the theme of masculinity in Beckett’s Waiting for Godot. The main objective of this paper is to identify the experiences of male characters through which they try to keep their masculinity alive in Beckett’s play. It is quite clear that male characters are constantly dominant in the plot structure of the play without any female character. We will write a custom essay sample on Masculinity in waiting for Godot or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beckett has politically highlighted masculinity in his play while making the women absent and through other different traits. Although, there are many male characters but the proper hegemonic masculinity is clearly presented by only one male character, Godot. Because, we find that people are waiting for Godot to help them and the depiction of Godot’s physical appearance by boy also gives us the hint of Godot’s hegemonic masculinity. We also find male characters who are submissive. So, we can say that masculinity is a dominant theme of this play. But there are different kinds of masculinity such as hegemonic masculinity, submissive masculinity, immature masculinity and beside all this lost of masculinity is also cut and clear in Beckett’s Waiting for Godot. Discussion Before starting an analysis of this topic, masculinity requires definition. According to OED, masculinity is defined as â€Å"having the quality of being masculine† and OED defines â€Å"masculine† as â€Å"having the qualities or appearance considered to be typical of men.† In the same book, the word â€Å"strong† is used for masculine and according to my point of view this word â€Å"strong† is suitable here for masculinity. Because, I want to explore masculinity in the sense of â€Å"power† as well as â€Å"strongness† in â€Å"Waiting for Godot.† All the characters of Beckett’s play are male and they are having the quality of being masculine. So, in this context we can say that there is an obvious theme of masculinity in Beckett’s â€Å"Waiting for Godot.† But when we try to analyse Beckett’s male characters from the percpective of aforementioned word â€Å"strongness† then we find confusion. Because, we can say that all his characters in â€Å"Waiting for Godot† are masculine but we cannot say that all the male characters are powerful. So, here we find â€Å"masculinity† of this play divided into two traits which are â€Å"hegemonic masculinity† and â€Å"submissive or immature masculinity.† First of all, I would like to discuss â€Å"hegemonic masculinity† in this play while analysing different characters such as Godot and Pozzo in the play, who possess hegemonic masculinity. According to R.W. Connell’s gender order theory, hegemonic masculinity is defined as practice that legitimizes men’s dominant position in society. (Connell). Godot is a hegemonic masulinity in the play though it is a fact that Godot remains abscent throughout the play but still we can say that he is a powerful male being. As we see that the two characters Vladimir and Estragon constantly wait for the arrival of Godot as he is someone who would help them to come out of their difficulities. Estragon: Let’s go. Vladimir: We cannot. Estragon: Why not? Vladimir: We are waiting for Godot. (Beckett, 66-68) These same dialogues are repeated by these two characters time and again. Their wait for Godot and the qualities of Godot gives us the hint of Godot’s hegemonic masculinity. Estragon: What do we do now? Vladimir: Wait for Godot. (Beckett, 63) And this is their routine though they know that Godot doesn’t come at the end but still they are bound to wait for him. It seems that they are unable to leave without meeting Godot. Estragon and Vladimir wait for Godot daily at a specific place but for the whole day and this thing gives us the sense to precieve Godot as an authoritative figure. Vladimir: Tied? Estragon:Ti-ed. Vladimir: How do you mean tied? Estragon:Down. Vladimir: But to whom. By whom? Estragon:To your man. Vladimir:To Godot? Tied to Godot? What an idea! No question of it. For the moment. (Beckett, 20-22) In Act 2, Beckett has given the description of Godot’s physical appearance by the boy. Godot’s physical appearance also shows his hegemonic masculinity as we are told that Godot is a character with white beard and this gives us the peculiar essence of an authoritative figure. Vladimir: Has he beard, Mr. Godot? Boy: Yes, sir. Vladimir: Fair or †¦(he hesitates)†¦ or black? Boy: I think it’s white, sir. (Beckett, 92) Although, it is a fact that Godot does not arrive in the play and many critiques argued his abscene as a lost masculinity. Jeffers in his article † Lost Masculinity in Waiting for Godot and Endgame† claimed: â€Å"Godot’s constant absence shows the impossibility of a return of the masculine authoritative tradition.† (Jeffers, 95-96) Although with this fact of Godot’s constant absence, we cannot compeletly claim that Godot is not an authoritative figure and still this is a fact that Godot is a hegemonic masculinity. We have another character who tries to show his hegemonic masculinity and to some extent he is successful in presenting himself as a powerful figure. Pozzo is the master of Lucky, he is a landowner and the way he treats his slave shows his power. In this play, it is Pozzo who has things to eat and in the very first act he ate chicken and then threw its bone. When Estragon asked him to have that bone just to lick, Pozzo says that Estragon should ask it to Lucky because it is Lucky’s right to have the bones of Pozzo. He is trying to impose himself as God and Pozzo tries to show his superiority in different ways, when lucky refused to have bones, he says: Pozzo: I don’t like it. I’ve never known him refuse a bone before. (Beckett, 27) While talking with Estragon and Vladimir, Pozzo talks about his superiority and according to him he is â€Å"made in God’s image†(23). At one place, Pozzo asked them if they want money from him. So, all these traits present him as a hegemonic masculinity or an authoritative figure, he shows a natural sense of authority and he considers everybody his subordinates. † As he comes on stage for the very first time, Pozzo exudes the natural sense of authority that puts all other characters on stage in a subordinate position to him. You read "Masculinity in waiting for Godot" in category "Papers"† (Wright, 18) But as the play moves on, we see Pozzo as a â€Å"blind† character in act 2. With this sudden blindness, he has the sense of authority as we see that even after his blindness he mal-treats Lucky as well as his language with Lucky. Pozzo’s sudden blindness also gives us the hint of his immature masculinity. † Though emulating a Godot-like authority, Pozzo’s masculinity ultimately fails to maintain a consistent hegemonic status because of the matrix of power that forces all within it beneath Godot in a hierarchy.† (Wright, 1-24) We cannot totally disagree with this statement because what Wright has said is truth. Although, Godot and Pozzo are shown as powerful figure but the unstable power of Godot appears with his constant absence and Pozzo’s sudden blindness. I am not completely agreed with the aforementioned statement because even with their defects still they have the aura of authoritative figures which remain throughout the play. As in this part I am discussing hegemonic masculinity in Beckett’s â€Å"Waiting for Godot.† So, I would also like to analyse Vladimir and Estragon’s character in this context. It is clear that the other characters do not share the sense of proper hegemonic masculinity but still at some places we observe that Estragon and Vladimir control eachother just to get the sense of hegemonic masculinity. Vladimir is a male figure who tries to consolidate his hegemonic masculinity while controling Estragon whereas Estragon can only show his power over the boy. This mutual dependency and to control eachother is just to get the sense of hegemony which gives us to the sense of immature masculinity of the characters. As there is hegemonic masculinity in the play so we also find dominant theme of immature masculinity through different characters in this play. According to Oxford Dictionary dictionary, the word â€Å"immature† suggests â€Å"to behave in a way that is not sensible and is typical of people who are much younger†(Pg 761). Estragon and Vladimir’s characters are best examples of this immature masculinity. Their constant wait for saviour in the shape of Godot shows their immature masculinity. Both these characters wait for Godot without any given reason and they do not give up even with Godot’s constant absence from the stage. Their inaction and inability to do anything put a stuff to the immature masculinity that they are male or masculine and he is considered the symbol of power but these two characters are powerless and inactive. Vladimir: We are waiting for Godot. Estragon:Ah! what’ll we do, what’ll we do! Vladimir: There is nothing we can do. (Beckett, 68) They themselves are unable to do anything but they are in vain hope to get help from Godot. Side by side this vain hope for saviour, they are mutually dependent on eachother and they could leave or live alone. Even, these characters themselves do not know why don’t they live without eachother. It is their weird attitude which makes them insensible. In the first act, Vladimir says Estragon that he could not defend himself that’s why he does not live away from him. Estragon: You see, you feel worse when i’m with you. I feel better alone, too. Vladimir :Then why do you always come crawling back? Estragon: I do not know. According to Wright in his article â€Å"Gender and Power in Waiting for Godot†: â€Å"Each character is unable to maintain a dominant power-position, masculinity throughout this play is atrophied and impotent— and thus each character’s position within a larger framework of gender and power is consistently unstable.† (Ryan Wright,1-24) To some extent, he is quite right in his statement because the unstable and immature masculinity of some characters is quite clear. Estragon and Vladimir have submissive masculinity with insensibility. One of the critic argued: † As two main characters like Vladimir and Estragon useful purpose in their lives and their conversation to each other is purposeless and their conversation have no positive meaning.† (Bari, Mansoor, Alia, 312-315) Estragon is a male figure who is more submissive than that of Vladimir because it is Estragon who picks up the chicken ones to lick which are thrown by Pozzo and he is even ready to take money from pozzo. Whereas, Vladimir is also submissive as we see that he submits his masculinity infront of Godot’s character and remains inactive throughout the play. Their weird attitudes and absurd discussion show their immaturity in the play. Even the boy who was sent by Godot was also submissive in front of Estragon and Vladimir. Lucky is also a clear example of submissive character. When Estragon asked about Lucky’s not putting the bag down, Pozzo said: † Has he not the right to? Certainly he has. It follows that he doesn’t want to. There is reasoning for you.† (Beckett, 31) The element of homosexuality in the play also throws an ample light on the submissiveness of characters. We can precieve Vladimir as a male character while on the other hand Estragon as an effiminate character. Their relationship seems to be the relationship of husband, wife. Both these characters are almost submissive and dependent on eacother. Immature masculinity at once becomes very clear when both Estragon and Vladimir start playing like children. At one place, Vladimir suggests Estragon to mimic Pozzo and Lucky and all these habits are quite childish of younger persons. The sudden defects of characters show the immaturity of male figures, as Pozzo was blind in second act and Lucky was dumb without any provided reason. The absurd way both the characters talk to eachother as well as we observe throughout the play that Estragon and Vladimir are in the habbit of forgetting things. This habit is more clear in Estragon’s character, the uncertainity and delibrate forgetfullness. It seems that Estragon himself doesn’t want to remember things as Estragon says time and again † I don’t Know†(66). There is some sort of paradox in this play as well. Man who is considered to be a powerful and strong figure, here we see him as a fearful, afraid and coward being. Both Estragon and Vladimir could not live alone without eachother. They are so afraid of living alone that they could not live even they want to. Neither of them actually wishing to be apart from eachother. They are men but they are behaving like little chickenhearted children. Even there are dialogues which give us hint that they try to drift apart but they are actually unable to do so. Vladimir :I am glad to see you back. I thought you were gone forever. Estragon :Me too. (Beckett) Masculinity is also present in the shape of violence and this is the isolation that whenever one tries to go near somebody else, he is violently treated by the other. And this thing is quite clear where Lucky hits Estragon. When Estragon goes near Lucky, it is Lucky who violently push him away. † Here Estragon approaches Lucky and makes to wipe his eyes. Lucky kicks him violently in the shins. Estragon drops the handkerchief, recoils, staggers about the stage howling with pain.† (Beckett) We can associate this submissive masculinity with the life of Beckett. Beckett was an Anglo-Irish and the people had to submit their masculinity infront of the British. Jennifer M. Jeffers wrote in â€Å"Traumatized Masculinity and Beckett’s Return† that: â€Å"The Ireland that Beckett knew as a boy had vanished and the only return possible was through his writing.† (Jeffers, 10) In this play, Beckett’s main male characters are submissive and inactive and the reason behind this is the history which Beckett has tried to present in his play. As the masculine figures of Ireland had to submit their masculinity in the hands of the British. And it was the lost masculinity in Ireland, Beckett who was an Anglo-Irish, presented this hegemonic masculinity, lost masculinity and submissive masculinity in his play â€Å"Waiting for Godot.† â€Å"My argument from chapter to chapter is that Beckett texts are grounded in his personal experience of what was literally erased from â€Å"official† historical record.† (Jeffers, 1-10) Through these arguments it is clear that Beckett has presented different types of masculinity in this play while presenting six male characters without any female character.Many feminist critiques argued that there is politics of beckett behind not presenting female characters. Masculinity is so strong in his play that he even didn’t use the word of woman or female for a single time. Conclusion So, we can say that masculinity is the dominant theme of this play with only male characters. Thus, the aforementioned arguments clearly show us that masculinity is present but in different traits as hegemonic masculinity, submissive masculinity, immature masulinity, lost of masculinity as well as homosexuality in masculinity and all these types of masculinities are shown by six male characters who are in relationship with eachother in different ways. It can be also said that Beckett had tried to present history of Anglo-Irish males who were dominated by the British during colonization. † Beckett’s waiting for Godot stage Western masculinity in order to enact the failure of Western patriarchy.† (Jeffers,9). Work Citation Beckett, Samuel. (1956). Waiting for Godot. faber and faber limited. Pp: 9-94. Jeffers, Jennifer M. (2009). â€Å"Traumatized Masculinity and Beckett’s Return.† Beckett’s Masculinity. St. Martin’s Press LLC, New York. Pp: 9-37. Wright, Ryan. (2016). â€Å"Gender and Power in Waiting for Godot.† The Oswald Review: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Criticism in the Discipline of English. vol. 18: iss. 1, Article. 3. Pp: 5-28. Khan, Abdul Bari, Hafiza Sana Mansoor,; Huma Alia. (2015). â€Å"The Impact of Absurdism in Waiting for Godot.† International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education. vol. 1, iss 2. Pp: 312-315. Jeffers, Jennifer M. (2009). â€Å"Embodying Lost Masculinity in Waiting for Godot.† Beckett’s Masculinity. St. Martin’s Press LLC, New York. Pp: 95-118. Hancock, Mark, Michael Ashby. (2015). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ed. 9. Pp: 1-930. Beckett, Samuel. (1982). Waiting for Godot. Grove Press, New York. print. How to cite Masculinity in waiting for Godot, Papers

Renewable energy Essay Example For Students

Renewable energy Essay Fuel Cell: Fuel cells have been known to science for 150 years and have become the subject of intense research since World War II. A fuel cell generates electricity by producing a chemical reaction. It consists of two electrodes (cathode and anode), which is also where the reaction occurs. Hydrogen is the basic fuel cell, but all fuel cells also require oxygen, and both are supplied from external reservoirs. Most of the hydrogen and oxygen used, combine to form a harmless byproduct, namely water. Therefore, fuel cells generate electricity with very little pollution. It is the purpose of the fuel cells to produce an electrical current that can be directed outside the cell to do work, such as powering light bulbs or an electric motor. There are five different fuel cells, solid oxide, alkali, proton exchange membrane (40-50% efficiency), phosphoric acid, and molten carbonate. Biomass Energy: This is one of the oldest sources of energy known to man.Biomass energy is energy from organic matter. The organic matter contains stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy. Biomass fuel, which can be a liquid, solid, or gas, comes from plants, residues from agriculture or forestry, and the organic component of municipal and industrial wastes. Even the fumes from the landfills can be used. When the fuel is burned, the energy is released. The use of this energy has potential to greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The waste generates about the same amount of carbon dioxide as fossil fuels but as the plants grow (for biomass purposes), carbon dioxide will be removed from the atmosphere. This is the major source of energy in the developing world. Wind Energy: Surface air currents that are warmed by solar rays create wind, which is an indirect source of energy. Wind farms consist of many wind turbines, that when moved by the wind, produce electricity for utilities. The turbines sit high atop towers to take advantage of the stronger less turbulent winds. Wind turbines can stand alone, or be connected to a utility power grid, or combined with a PV system. The energy is used for generating electricity, charging batteries, pumping water, or grinding grain. There are no air pollutants or greenhouse gasses emitted. Wind energy is also a competitive resource. Words/ Pages : 399 / 24

I Love Me free essay sample

Eve Greater 11/30/12 Persuasive Historical Essay In the early 20th century, many social and political movements demanded the attention and action of the United States.During this time, Jane Addams became an accomplished philosopher, author, peace advocate, feminist and sociologist during the Progressive era, who was unique from other reformers during this time because she didnt prioritize the social, economic, and political inequalities that plagued Americas minorities; Every issue was important and she proposed her beliefs on coexistence through a pacifist attitude that helped pave the way to the accomplishment of many successful abort and social reform movements because the actions she took to promote change ignited an awareness among middle class America that wasnt there before, thus making her a central figure for the many rights that passed through the legislature. As far as philosophy goes, Pragmatism was a new and popular theory supported by many philosophers in the late 1 ass s. We will write a custom essay sample on I Love Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In basic terms, the theory states that if a solution or answer doesnt always apply to the same issue, then that answer or solution wasnt the absolute truth; it wasnt really a true solution or answer. Philosophers worldwide supported his term; however, a vast majority made a few tweaks to reshape its original definition. An example of this is John Dewey, who coined the term instrumentalist (Encyclopedia, pig. 1). He, along with philosopher Jane Addams, believed that ideas are the instruments that guide our actions, which have the power to change the world, and that the value of our ideas shouldnt be measured by the truth of them, but by the success that comes from the action (Hamilton, pig. 1).In other words, success should be measured by our actions, not necessarily from our thoughts. Together they redefined necromancy in terms of pragmatism and civic activism, with more of an emphasis on duty and less on rights (Hamilton, pig. 1). Jane Addams applied her philosophical beliefs by constructing her own three ethical principles, with partner Ellen Starr, which consisted of the following: Teach by Example, Practice cooperation, and practice social democracy, that is, egalitarianism or democratic social reforms across class lines (Graham, pig. 1). Jane Addams interpreted this philosophy by taking action to promote peace using her pacifist ideals as a beacon to promote others to end wars.She felt that war as a complete regression in human social evolution and openly opposed America joining in the World War 1 of 1914 by organizing the Womens Peace Party and the International Congress of Women (Shoot, pig. 1) . After publicly announcing that shed observed soldiers in Europe being plied with alcohol before charging into battlefield, many newspapers in New York criticized her efforts at attaining an antiwar society and labeled her a socialist, communist, and anarchist (Shoot, pig. 1). One Newspaper quoted her as a silly, vain, impertinent old maid, who may have done good charity work at the Hull House, Chicago, but is now meddling with matters far beyond her comprehension (Shoot, pig. 1).Many of her radical pacifist friends deserted her at this time due to embarrassment or fear of being shunned, but Addams held on and made her pleas heard, which is what made her such a key figure during the Womens Suffrage movements in the early 20th century Unlike some feminists during this time, Addams didnt feel that women were better than men, but equal. Her main goal was to promote equality in the political and social world that had always been known as the biggest barrier between he sexes. During a speech at the Chicago Political Equality League in 1897, Addams stated that l am not one of those who believe broadly speaking that women are better than men.We have not wrecked railroads, nor corrupted legislatures, nor done many unholy things that men have done; but then we must remember that we have not had the chance? (Hewitt, pig. 1). She didnt define equal as just having the right to vote, but by also having the option of choice in every aspect a man does; marriage, career field, representation in US legislature, education, etc. Addams was also an advocate f birth control, which many other female suffragists, such as Elizabeth Stanton, didnt promote (Hewitt, pig. 1). Many feminists didnt advocate contraception, but rather abstinence or a womans right to refuse sexual relations with her husband.She also went as far as to publish the novel, A New Conscience and An Ancient Evil (191 2), which highlighted the effects of lousy safety regulations, such as poor women being forced into prostitution (Hewitt, pig. 1). Likewise, the foundation of Addams Hull House in the slums of Chicago affected women in the area positively because it allowed them the option to choose a different life than the norm. Women could come live at Hull-House and help play an active role in reforming the surrounding community through discussions and even speeches educating others. This tactic spread like wild fire, as more and more women followed this example and used their voice to draw awareness to the many concerns that men tended to overlook in the voting world.Because of her strong will and driven stride pertaining to a coexisting society, Addams became one of the best sociologists of her time. Compared to other sociologists during the early 20th century, Jane Addams wasnt simply unique because she was a woman, but also because she urged change through deeds of generosity that didnt provide any benefits to her specifically, but to everyone in society. Almost all sociologists in the late 19th century were strictly ma le, and many of them were referred to as Chair Theorists because theyd literally sit in a chair and study a society, all in an attempt to reach some sort of resolution as to why a society functions the way it does (Krebs, pig. 1). A prime example of this is Karl Marx, who created the conflict theory (Krebs, pig. 1).Although he made some interesting points on society, he didnt actually do anything to improve the yester, unlike Addams, who supported social reform issues including womens rights, ending child labor, and the mediation during the 1910 Garment Workers Strike (Fitzgerald, pig. 1). Addams defined her sociological ideas with the combination of symbolic interactions, popular theories of cultural feminism, and pragmatist instrumentalist (Fitzgerald, pig. 1). She also worked with other reform groups toward goals including the first juvenile- court law, tenement-house regulation, the eight-hour working day for women, factory inspection, and workers compensation to help the lives of others Fitzgerald, pig. 1).In addition, she strove for the justice of immigrants and blacks by financing the Hull House and supporting NAACP, and also advocated research aimed at determining the causes of poverty and crime, and alas supported women suffrage (Betties, pig. 1). Some of the projects that the members of the Hull House opened were the Immigrants Protective League, the Juvenile Protective Association, the first juvenile court in the United States, and a Juvenile Psychopathic Clinic (Betties, pig. 1). By using her sociological background as a tool, Addams went out to set an example for the utter treatment of immigrants, children, and women as an overall goal to attain world peace.Contradictory too many other charities with similar goals of helping the poor, Addams made a true difference for immigrants by founding a nonreligious settlement house, writing books with a description of the life of the poor such as Twenty Years at Hull House (191 0), educating immigrants, and by getting all classes of society involved with the unresolved health and safety issues of the poor and working class (Biography, pig. 1). The quote that best sums up Addams lifestyle is Be the change you wish to see in he world (Gandhi), which is exactly what she did. Like I stated in the previous paragraph, Addams helped acquire immigrants and children legal rights in the work field, however, the good deeds didnt stop there; she also personally showed immigrants how to survive in a foreign country.The foundation of the first settlement house in America with partner Ellen G Starr was one example of this because it provided food, shelter, schooling to children, medical attention, English classes, and therapy sessions for free to the immense poor population residing in the Chicago slums (Biography, pig. 1). Addams even went as far as to become the garbage inspector of the 1 9th ward because the health regulations surrounding the area were so poor (Biography, pig. 1). Inevitably, her generous example sparked the involvement of many respectable middle class women who volunteered at the Hull House to become hands-on educated about the horrors of how the immigrant population functioned. By getting the people involved, the government became more quickly aware of the filthy and unjust conditions, and began to start taking legal action with the support of the president, Theodore Roosevelt (Biography, pig. 1).Jane Addams example was immensely successful in contributing to a peaceful and equal society because she inspired humanity to strive towards coexistence through a pacifist, compressible attitude. Without her example, many of the average Americans wouldnt have been involved in promoting change for equality because many other reformers were extreme in their tactics to acquiring their own desired outcomes. Because of Jane Addams, many of the health, work, and equal rights laws were brought to the attention of the legislature more effectively and had s he not of been around, they might not have been given the due credit that was desperately deserved.

At Your Disposal

At Your Disposal At Your Disposal At Your Disposal By Maeve Maddox Some speakers, perhaps because of their familiarity with the word disposal in connection with trash, seem to have trouble with the polite idiom â€Å"at your disposal.† For example, I saw this comment on a Yahoo forum: â€Å"If you are at their disposal, it is derogatory and demeaning.† Disposal and its different forms descend from Latin disponere, â€Å"to set in different places, to arrange.† The verb has more than one meaning, including the following: to place or arrange things in a particular order to make fit or ready to make arrangements to get rid of The noun disposal can mean the action of disposing of something. In the expression â€Å"at one’s disposal,† it means â€Å"the power or right to dispose of, make use of, or deal with as one pleases.† The notion that the person â€Å"at one’s disposal† is â€Å"under the command of another† is doubtless the reason for objections to the expression by literalists. Language has its polite conventions, and most people can tell the difference between convention and sincerity. Literalists, however, object to addressing a letter â€Å"Dear Sir† and signing it â€Å"Yours faithfully† on the grounds that the language is â€Å"too intimate† to use with a stranger. Taking the quotation a little out of context, I’ll let Dr. Johnson explain the difference between sincerity and social convention: you may say to a man, â€Å"Sir, I am your most humble servant.† You are not his most humble servant. You may say, â€Å"These are sad times† You dont mind the times. You tell a man, â€Å"I am sorry you had such bad weather the last day of your journey, and were so much wet.† You dont care six-pence whether he was wet or dry. You may talk in this manner; it is a mode of talking in Society† Speakers who object to putting a person at someone’s disposal can still use the idiom in regard to an object or a facility. Here are some examples of current usage: Rest assured that Alotta Properties, Inc. will be at your disposal for as long as you need us. Anecdotal evidence is great and it’s even better the more of it you have at your disposal. But, my good sir, why do you come to me? Your motive is most excellent, but an honest employment is the last thing at my disposal. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastDo you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?Letter Writing 101

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 3 Case Assignment Essay

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 3 Case Assignment - Essay Example The learning organization, according to Skyrme, (2010), is an organization that has in place systems and mechanisms as well as processes that enhance the capabilities of the organization and at the same time achieve the organizations objectives. They have noted that the important pieces of that system are that it is adaptive to the environment in which it is used, it continually enhances the capability of the organization to change and adapt, it develops a collective as well as individual learning base, and it uses the results of learning to achieve better results. In other words, it manages to pull together all the talents and knowledge throughout the organization, making it available for use in improving the corporation instead of going out of the organization to look for something that is already there. It is easy to see why this would be compared to a brain. As each synapse in the brain fires, it triggers another synapse, very much like this kind of knowledge or learning organiza tion might do. Social networking itself, works a lot like the different parts of the brain. Some things are controlled by the left hemisphere and some are controlled by the right. There is the Pons and medulla and hind and forebrain, all have different functions that they control, but in each case, that information is readily available for the others to use when needed. It occurs very much the same way in a corporation. For example, in a hospital, the nurses function as a pod, the physicians another, the casemanagers and social workers another. Within each of those pods, specialized activities occur but when the other needs some of that specialized activity to make their part of the organization work better, it is available. Social media is an outgrowth of the need to communicate. There are actually many large corporations using social networking to improve their business. This kind of

Effect of Social Network Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effect of Social Network - Research Paper Example ..† (Ebesco host, n.d). This has undoubtedly had many effects on the user individually, and it has affected their general ways of thinking because of individuals having access to others opinions. The impacts of social media cannot be simply classified as good or bad, as it is a subject that elicits several different opinions from different groups and each school of thought s based on different circumstances. One of the effects of social network that has had a very widely felt and influential impact is the empowering of its users with information. In addition, a forum to air their views in circumstances where, the same would not have been previously possible. The revolutions that took place in Egypt and Liberia in the last year can trace a lot of their motivation on social network sites like face book. The people in these countries had been oppressed but could not do anything about it since the governments controlled most of the media and kept it censored. However, the citizens could share all the information they wanted and messages encouraging revolution and resistance as well as records of governments injustices were put on facebook and significantly facilitated the revolutions. From this, we can see social media being used to bring political revolutions and hence have a picture of what a powerful tool it is. Social networking is also said to be addictive, and teens often get addicted to and cannot spend a few hours without getting online to chat with friends. Bearing in mind that the physiological and psychological effects on these networks can be severe, and addiction to social networks can pose a serious problem. This is because it has been proved that,â€Å"†¦ overuse of media and technology has a negative effect on the health of all children, preteens and teenagers by making them more prone to anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( American Psychological Association, 2011). Sexual offenders have also used facebo ok as a platform on which to lure and entice their victims through fake but attractive identities. Many youths who go social networking to make friends or date have been taken advantage of when they form relationships with some of these offenders who should they meet in person, assault or even kill them. Social networks are susceptible to malicious people considering that,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦there are more than 600,000 Registered Sex Offenders in United States and about 150,000 of them have been lost in the system† (Williams & Lebrun, 2009 p.105). These statistics posted on facebook by loud security systems help users to appreciate the immense danger posed by social networks in the hands of the wrong people. The amount of time spent on social networks can also negatively affect ones school grades. This is because many students are online when they should be studying and often they use their smart phones in class to social network. This often translates into poor concentration in cla ss and the same can be transferred to the workplace when they will be employed. They may end up wasting many hours online when they should be working. On the other hand, social networks play a prominent role in helping people to socialize, especially teenagers, as the assumption that, social networks make people anti social, does not always holds true. This is because shy children can be able to meet and make new friends online which is extremely beneficial for their

Augusta Nationals Two Female Members Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Augusta Nationals Two Female Members - Essay Example The Augusta National Golf Club has shown gender discrimination throughout its history by allowing none of its almost 300 members to be a woman until recently, when the Cub took an action long overdue on it by announcing Condoleezza Rice, the former US Secretary of State, and Darla Moore, the South Carolina financier to be its members. The Club was also publicly pressured by Martha Burk, the women’s rights activist in the year 2001 to allow membership to women, but Hootie Johnson, the chairman of the Club at that time said in response that the Club might alter its policy one day â€Å"but not at the point of a bayonet† (Johnson cited in Tyler). When Bubba Watson joined the Augusta National Golf Club’s tradition of wearing the green jacket upon winning the Masters Golf Tournament, the celebrations were tarnished by the exclusive discrimination displayed by the Club towards the women. One of the lawyers said that the implications of this discrimination could be broader and extend to all working women. The Augusta National Golf Club has been disreputable for a long time in history because of its disallowance for women to become its members. â€Å"The fathers and sons of Augusta know full well that they have built for themselves not just a golf course but one of the great corridors of power in America, and with chests fully puffed, have fiercely and proudly denied women access to those corridors† (Brennan).... In addition to that, all of the past IBM CEOs had served as the Club’s members. The only factor that differed this time was that the CEO was a woman unlike the past CEO members who were all men. Payne retreated the discussion and Rometty did not wear the green jacket to symbolize the club’s membership over the weekend. David Scher, the Employment Law Group’s attorney expected the effects of the exclusive policy of the Augusta National Golf Club to reach all working women. He said, â€Å"This is not the only place that this is happening. Free association allows all kinds of clubs, but there are lots of men's organizations that keep women out of the workforce and it is really time for that to change† (Scher cited in Mielach). 21st century is the time for the discrimination to recede, be that against races or genders. Discriminatory policies do not help any organization holding it, but just serves to complicate things for certain members of the society. †Å"Playing golf and other pastimes is integral to the business world, and outright discrimination against women in the private golf world, although technically legal, can have a severe and lasting illegal impact in the workplace† (Scher cited in Mielach). Grant of the Augusta National Golf Club’s membership to two women in this year is a very big milestone in the way of realization of the equality of genders and will have far-reaching effects for all women in the society and bring a positive revolutionary change in the acceptability of women in the business world in general and the sports in particular. Something like selection of women members for the first time since the establishment of a prestigious club will have an effect on the policies of similar

Advantages Of Autonomous Vehicles

Advantages Of Autonomous Vehicles Autonomous cars, or cars that run without a human driver, have been in development for over the past few decades, starting from the late 70s and extending towards the present date and even beyond. During the early stages, the autonomous vehicles were slow in speed and even in reaction time. Nowadays, with technological advancement, coupled with better research knowledge and funding towards further development, product improvement has clearly been observed. From the early days of mechanical feedback systems to modern software incorporation, numerous improvements have been made. 2. Advantages of Autonomous Vehicles Finding from the World health Organization (WHO) several years ago regarding automobile accidents: Accidents expenditure in the United States reached $230 billion; with over $30 billion going into health care. Such will only increase, because the road accidents are expected to be the third largest killer worldwide by 2020. There are two possible approaches to make cars safer. Systems can be implemented to make a car accident less lethal or to prevent accidents. Also, from an energy and efficiency point of view, in general, people are not able to drive the best as well. Having computers to do the driving is going to save energy significantly. However, since vehicles are networked and with traffic flow synchronized, it is an apples-to-orange comparison. Autonomous cars wont have to tackle congestion and stop-and-go traffic, as is present today. Road travel will speed up, more predictability, and passengers will have ample space to focus on other things while travelling. The vehicles will be a lot less heavy. There will be a reduced need for designs to deal with impacts, as the heavy vehicles of today are driven by error prone humans, nor a need to be equipped with protection instruments to protect drivers (e.g. crumple zones, airbags, or even seatbelts). Further advantages of driverless vehicles, aside from the significant safety and energy benefits that would be presented with their use, will be an increase in transportation access. Aged, restricted mobility, poor, and even the language illiterate individuals can safely travel. It will be like having a chauffeur at all times. 3. Integrating technology to make an autonomous vehicle For vehicles to be made autonomous will require advanced sensors and actuators to coordinate hand in hand. Definition of sensor and actuator Sensor A device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it Actuator An actuator is a mechanism responsible for the movement or control of a machine, apparatus or system. It utilizes energy, commonly transported by air, electrical current, or fluid, and translates that into a type of motion. 3.1. Sensors in an autonomous car In an autonomous vehicle, apart from speed sensors, sensors are used for lane position tracking as well as front obstruction detection. This comes in the form of radars. If lane positioning or safety distance is not within safety parameters, the sensor will send signals to the microcontroller. From there, the microcontroller will coordinate the various actuators such as throttle, steering and brakes to enable the vehicle to stay within the parameter. Various sensors used in the mobilization operation of autonomous cars includes a radar reflective stripe system with a vision based system for lane location sensing, a radar system and a scanning laser range finding system for the detection of obstacles ahead of the autonomous car, and various assisting sensors including off-centre looking radars and one angular rate gyroscope. Figure 1 shows a sketch of an autonomous car with the various sensors, actuators and operating devices. 3.2. Actuators in an autonomous car Brake Actuators Coordinate car speed with the sensors and/or users pre-input. Used for slowing down the car when there is a need to. Steering Actuator The steering actuator is a motor controlled by the car in-built microprocessor. The microcontroller takes in signals from the various sensors to steer the car which is done by directing the motor for controlling the angle of the wheels. Throttle Actuators Used for controlling the output of the cars engine based on the sensor or users pre-input. This will increase and reduce the speed of the vehicle as well as maintain. 3.3. Current technologies, design and construction concept used to realize various sensors and actuators in an autonomous vehicle 3.3.1. Electronic Scanning Radar Electronic Scanning Radar is an inexpensive effective object-detection system that utilizes electromagnetic waves, specifically radio waves, to determine the range, direction, or speed of both mobilized and stationary objects. Radio waves or microwaves transition from the radar sensor bounces off any object in their path. The object will then return a tiny portion of the waves energy to the antenna which is normally located at the same spot as the transmitter. Radar technology has the ability to measure positions and speed vectors of multiple targets at the same time, with precise accuracy, within a short time frame. Detection and tracking algorithms are normally given in a one-box-design and some manufacturers allow space for vehicle/customer/application specific code in the radar systems. The ESR enables a wide coverage at mid-range and high-resolution long range using stand-alone radar. Wide and mid-range coverage not only enables vehicles cutting in from adjacent lanes to be detected, but also determines vehicles and pedestrians along the width of the vehicle. Long-range coverage gives accurate range and speed data, with great object discrimination that can identify as much as 64 targets in the vehicles path. The ESR also allows powerful functionality which includes the following: -adaptive cruise control -forward collision warning -brake support -headway alert 3.3.2. Brake actuator One method of braking widely used by autonomous vehicles, although also widely used in contemporary vehicles, is the disc braking system. The main components of disc brakes comprise the following: Brake pads Caliper containing a piston Rotor that is mounted to the hub The disc brake is quite similar to the brakes on a bicycle. Bicycle brakes use a caliper, which forces the brake pads against the wheel. In a disc brake, the pads forces on the rotor instead of the wheel, and with the force being transmitted hydraulically instead of a cable. Friction between each pad and the disc slows the vehicle down. A moving car contains kinetic energy and by stopping the car, the brakes are actually removing this energy. The brakes do this by converting the kinetic energy into that of heat. Therefore, in most cars, ventilation is provided for the brakes. 3.3.3. Adaptive Cruise Control Adaptive cruise control utilizes forward-looking radar with its installation located at the back of the grill of a vehicle, to identify the speed and distance of the vehicle in front of it. Adaptive cruise control is of the same principal as conventional cruise control in that it maintains the vehicle pre-set speed. However, unlike the contemporary cruise control, this implementation can automatically adjust the speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles along the same lane. This is performed through a radar headway sensor, digital signal processor as well as a longitudinal controller. If the front vehicle slows down, or should another object get detected, the system will send a signal to the engine or braking system to slow down. Subsequently, when the road gets cleared, the system will increase the vehicle speed back to the set value. Cruise control is an example of a closed-loop control system Closed and Open Loop Explained In a closed-loop configuration, a feedback component is being sent together with the input. The difference in the input and feedback signals is sent to the controller. In response to the difference, the controller acts on the process forcing the output to change in a direction that will cause reduction in the difference of the input signal and the feedback component. A closed-loop system has the ability to regulate itself in the midst of disturbances or variations in its own characteristics. Hence, a closed-loop system has an advantage over that of an open-loop Likewise, a cruise control has an input signal of a desired velocity. This goes through any number of amplifiers in the mode of transfer functions and gains, and then, outputs a signal which the motor utilizes to modify its power. Disturbances in the system may include wind speed, bumps on the road, etc. When these obstacles affect the speed of the car, data passes through from the end of the control system in the form of velocity data to the beginning, where it makes appropriate changes to the input signals so it can then properly adjust the speed of the car. Closed loop control systems has its output compared with the desired parameter settings and the process is varied in order for the output to satisfy the requirement. The accelerator of a conventional man-driven vehicle, on the other hand, is an example for an open-loop control. This is a simple link between the gas pedal and the car engine. When stepped on, the engine propels the car, and this does not stop until you remove the input signal (Pedal stepped on with continued pressure). Should there be obstacles along the way, this will affect the speed of the vehicle so long as pedal is being stepped on to a certain particular extend. Open-loop systems provides an output according to the desired set point irrespective to the changes that occur due to certain disturbances in the process. An open-loop control system is influenced directly, and only, by an input signal, without the beneficial use of a feedback. 3.3.4. Oxygen Sensor A vehicle oxygen sensor, also known as a lambda sensor, is a small sensor installed into the exhaust system of a petrol engine for the measurement of the oxygen concentration that remains in the exhaust gas to enable an electronic control unit (ECU) to control the efficiency of the engine combustion process. In majority of all modern automobiles, including autonomous ones, these sensors are installed at the engines exhaust manifold to identify whether the mixture of air together with gasoline going into the engine is rich or lean. That means too much or too little fuel respectively. 3.3.5. CAN-bus CAN Bus is a multiplexed wiring system commonly utilized in the connection of intelligent devices such as Electronic Control Units (ECU) on vehicles, allowing data to be transferred in reliable manner at a lower cost. This also reduces the need for massive amounts of cables In a vehicle. CAN stands for Controller Area Network and it was development was by Bosch, in 1980. Majority of new vehicles utilizes this system and it is becoming more difficult to install after-market products without the use of a CAN Bus Interface. CAN bus is commonly used in autonomous vehicles. 4. Capabilities and Potentials as well as the limitation for the various telematic devices in an autonomous vehicle 4.1. Disc Brakes Today, in almost all automobiles, both conventional and autonomous, disc brakes are the most found .They are better at stopping vehicles than many other type of brakes; which is why they are still in existence since 1902. High speed vehicles need better brakes to slow them down, so most probably a disc brake would be installed. Limitation Heat retention is a common problem with disc brakes. Unfortunately, this causes brake fade. It is where the brake components have absorbed all the heat they can possibly withstand. This means they are unable to absorb more energy and thus, will not be able to slow the car further. 4.2. Cruise Control It is definitely better to be in an autonomous vehicle. This makes life for the user easier as he do not need to drive. Also, with humans in control of the vehicle, a higher tendency of error occurs. In autonomous vehicles, one of the components that make the technology possible is the cruise control. The cruise control aids in automatically controlling the speed as well as maintaining a safe distance from the car in front. This makes travelling safer. Limitation The cruise control of todays autonomous vehicles can only track the car ahead of the equipped vehicle. This means safety is only taken in reference from the front, and not from the back. In the later part of this report, we will look into the intelligent cruise control. 4.3. Radar Sensor Radar aids in making a vehicle autonomous. Current technology enables radar to accurately detect at greater distances, identify up to 64 targets and can be integrated to an autonomous vehicle to assist in many various operations such as cruise control, braking, collision warning and headway alert. Limitation: Current implementations do not permit collision avoidance when environment is obscured with smokes and dust. 4.4. CAN-bus With the huge reduction in wiring, this leads to the following:- (i) Vast reduction in production cost; which also leads to lower retail cost. (ii) Lighter weight for vehicle, thus leading to improved fuel consumption. (b) Reduced number of interconnections, which leads to improved reliability. Limitations Installation is relatively costly, and the requirement for specialised knowledge is needed for maintenance and repair of the vehicle. 5. Continued improvements for Sensors and Actuators in autonomous vehicles The first segment in this section discusses about the improvement in intelligence provided in a sensor over the years and how it has brought about major improvements. Second section will talk about the future sensors and actuators development in autonomous vehicles. 5.1.1. Increased level of intelligence provided in sensors has and explanation to why enhancing the intelligence of a typical sensor may encourage improved performance. This section discusses the details and describes the evolution of a critical sensor in the implementation of a safety critical active controller in passenger cars called ABS (Antilock Brake System). ABS works on the principle of optimizing the wheels slips (for maximizing the brake force) in the car during the event of braking. Wheel slips are defined as below: The critical task in controlling the braking wheels of the car boils down to evaluating the speed of the vehicle and hence estimating the deceleration desired and actually achieved. The difference of which triggers the actual hydraulic pressure build up in each wheel. The complex task of vehicle velocity estimation is done through using wheel speed sensors in each wheel of the car as shown below: Until the advent of active wheel speed sensors recently, global automotive industry was using the passive wheel speed sensors for calculating the wheel speeds. 5.1.1.1. Passive Sensors Passive sensors operate with a steel tone ring application. These variable reluctance sensors are used to measure speed/position of the vehicles tone ring. As the magnetic flux through the coil of the sensor is changed, so does the resulting voltage which is then measured and used to calculate wheel speed. This technology is considered outdated and is typically bypassed for active intelligent sensors. 5.1.1.2. Active Sensors (Intelligent) Standard active wheel speed sensors operate on the Hall Effect. They are able to be used with a magnetic encoder or steel tone ring application. As the magnetic flux changes (created by an internal magnet or the magnetic encoder), the hall sensor creates an output current which can be measured and converted into wheel speed. Standard WSS only measure wheel speed and do not have any additional signals for vehicle operation. A Hall element (square shaped semiconductor layer) is supplied by a permanent current (I const). Applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the current flow the electrons are deflected due to the Lorenz force. This deflection can be measured as Hall voltage, which is perpendicular to the magnetic field (B) and the current flow (I const). The Hall voltage (V Hall) is directly proportional to the external magnetic field. The magnetic field is established either by a magnetic encoder or internal sensor magnet. These active sensors offer benefits when compared to passive sensors. The dominant factors that took the stride towards active intelligent wheel speed sensors were: Weight reduction. Size reduction. Reduction in Cost but improvement in performance. Low speed detection benefits. Passive sensors had the hurdle of building enough reluctance at low vehicle speeds but with active sensors wheel speeds can be detected with changing magnetic fields at as low as ~0.1 m/sec. Direction detection. With developing ASICs and also the magnetic encoders thereby made wheel speed sensors smarter and hence has led to the advantage of vehicle motion direction detection in the sensors. It effectively has offloaded the software task of direction detection by many folds. With detection possible at such low vehicle speeds a new development of Hill Hold Controllers was triggered in the industry. 5.1.2. Intelligent sensor and the mechanism for transferring the measurement to a central data logger or processor. Example is explained in the above question. The mechanism for transferring the measurement to a processor in this case it is ABS controller is here: CAN Bus ABS Controller Pressure application on each wheel Hydraulic controller With reference to the diagram above: The data or pulses/signals from the wheel speed sensors are collected in the special ASICs designed for this purpose from there a SPI bus architecture is used to transfer it to the software layer (HSW box above). Filtering and certain algorithms regarding determination of data usability are made in the stat machine of the software layer. Usable and filtered data is further passed down to the ABS controller through the CAN bus. ABS determines the pressure targets for each wheel and hydraulic controller applies the set targets on the individual wheels for attaining the desired stopping distance of the car. 5.2 Future Development for Sensors and Actuators in autonomous vehicles 5.2.1. Brakes In the future, the hydraulic line may not ever again be needed in an automobiles braking system. In fact, in a recent study performed by Frost Sullivan, it is predicted that, after the year 2010, the automobile industry will begin to replace hydraulic-braking systems with that of brake-by-wire. The utilization of the brake-by-wire technologies like the electro-mechanical braking system and the electronic-wedge brake is predicted to be the norm for future vehicles. This method of braking uses electronic signals instead of mechanical to achieve braking power. The electro mechanical barking system or EMB will not require hydraulic lines due to the activation of the brake being done within the wheel assembly itself. Instead of utilizing calipers, this system uses a wheel brake module. The module comprises of disc brakes and an electric motor which will be the one that activates the brakes during activation. As it is, this method of braking is known as brake-by-wire. Certain automobile companies have almost already fully implemented this system into their automobiles, namely Toyota and Mercedes. However, a full brake-by-wire system has yet to come out and will only be out in the near future. 5.2.2 Radar Future implementations will be the autonomous vehicle navigation and obstacle detection sensor radar. This device, currently being tested, will assist in reducing the quantity of separated components that is required to satisfy the needs of an autonomous vehicle. The navigation and obstacle detection can be done with just one component device. If being mounted on a suitable spot on a vehicle, this all-rounder obstacles detection and navigation radar will eliminate the need for multiple contemporary radars. This will reduce the weight of the vehicle and thus, saving on fuel cost. Furthermore, future implementations will enable obstacle avoidance and prevent collision even when environment is obscured with smokes and dust. 5.2.3. Intelligent Cruise Control In cars nowadays and in autonomous vehicles, the cruise control will only strive to maintain a safe distance from the front car. Unfortunately, this does not include the back car. With this new implementation, the spacing from the back vehicle will also be taken into consideration, together with the spacing from the front vehicle. This system also works and serves especially well when lane switching is being performed. This is due to the inadequate gap tendency between the front and back vehicle. 6. Conclusion The earlier sections in this report has aimed to bring about the ideas of current technology implementations of an autonomous vehicle. As demonstrated, there are still flaws within the system. However, with the intelligence of sensors increasing constantly, it is almost sure that many of the problems faced by autonomous vehicle manufacturers will be solved in the near future.

WAR And PEACE And How It Effected The World :: essays research papers

If your computer starts up in the 24 bit version of the game with fuzzy looking graphics, try re-selecting the screen mode from the F11 menu. This should cure this problem. High colour GTA uses a built-in version of the "univbe" display driver to provide its multitude of 15, 16 and 32-bit display modes. If your video card is not recognised by the univbe check, or if you change your video card and the check does not update to it, try running uvconfig.exe in the gtados directory. If that doesn't work, try running 24-bit GTA by typing "gta24 -nounivbe" in the gtados directory. This will cause it to skip univbe and use your video card's native drivers instead. Alternatively, get hold of the latest version of univbe from SciTech Software, and run it as a TSR before running GTA. Windows Drivers ( Grand Theft Auto DirectX ) --------------- GTA DirectX will only work correctly if you have the latest Windows 95 Direct X Microsoft-certified driver for your video card. Your video card vendor should be able to supply this. Some of the latest versions of drivers will allow the use of High colour / Low resolution screen modes (recommended). An example of this is the Matrox Millenium. Gravis Ultrasound ----------------- The DOS version of GTA, run under Windows 95, will not play any sound effects with an Ultrasound, UNLESS you shut down windows into MS-DOS mode, or change the PIF from DOS-Box to MS-DOS mode. DOS Version - CD Sound ---------------------- To allow CD audio to play on the DOS version of GTA, when run under a bootable version of DOS, make sure that you have the MSCDEX driver loaded. On a Windows 95 machine, if you play the DOS version through Windows, or in a DOS box, you should get CD audio. Sidewinder Control Pad - In DOS GTA ----------------------------------- The Microsoft Sidewinder pad is not compatible with DOS GTA. However, it can be used with Windows (DirectX) GTA. Voodoo Graphics (3Dfx) Users ---------------------------- GTA supports 3Dfx Glide 2.

The countries with small prison Essay

                 Small prison populations in a country may mean that the government is soft on crime since prisons were designed to hold the law breakers who have been convicted. On the other hand, it may mean that the government and the citizens of a country are doing enough on rehabilitation, training and control of the law breakers to avoid being found on the wrong side of the law (Foucault, 1977). Today, incarceration is considered to be the harshest sanction one can get for any criminal offence. Therefore, doing away with the shame and all the pain and suffering that one undergoes when imprisoned can be a better option to any government and its citizens. This paper focuses on how the small prison populations have been achieved in some countries, and answers the question of, why certain countries are considered soft on crime and others tough on crime.                  The countries like Sweden, which experience small prison population, have a humane way of sentencing law breakers. In in which the jail terms are always less than ten years. Even for the most serious law breakers, as opposed to other countries where the offenders of the law are given a jail term of not less than thirty to forty years behind bars. In real sense, this appears to be like life time imprisonment (Siegel, 2000). Taking into consideration, the life expectancies in various countries in the world. More so, the third world countries. Gendreau et al. (1999) states that the principle rationale for the compulsory minimums, creates a belief that, the duration of time spent in prison will always act as a deterrent to the future breaking of the law. The term spent in custody is believed to have effects in the victims behavioral characteristics such as suppressing criminals behavior due to unpleasantness in the life behind bars and negative social stigma associated with imprisonment this greatly reduce recidivism upon release. The time in prison is viewed as potential â€Å"psychological deep freezers†, in the sense that most of those  caught on the wrong side of the law do enter the prison with a set of antisocial behaviors and attitudes which are never changed during their times behind the bars, this greatly prevents interaction between the inmates which may lead to sharing of the ideas in perfecting their skills as they learn of the new ways of conducting their crimes through the other inmates. Thus the humanity in such countries has greatly helped reduce the crowding in the prisons giving adequate space for the incoming prisoners to get rooms in various prisons available in the various parts of such countries thus decrease in the prisoners populations.                Studies that have been conducted from 1958, involving approximately 336 000 law breakers have shown that there exists a correlation between recidivism and the length of time in prisons, and also the life as under incarceration and receiving the community based sanctions. The conclusions that were derived from such studies were prisons ought not to be used with the expectation of rectifying the behaviors of those who break the law, instead of subjecting those who break the law community based sanctions have proved to be the best teacher of the accepted behavior and norms with those around the victims and the communities at large. The excessive use of imprisonment too proved to have various cost implications, since when under custody the prisoners do meet various personalities and characters who introduce them to very immoral behaviors like homosexuality and lesbianism, the innocent prisoners are always raped, beaten and harassed and even forced to dance nude b efore other inmates. Such behaviors calls upon the prison officials to put in place repeated, comprehensive assessment of the law breakers attitudes, values, morals and behaviors while still under custody. Thus the offenders with the higher risk nature should be given reasonable periods in prison and subjected to adequate retribution.                Such countries too allow those who are under life incarceration to appeal to the courts after a given period, usually after ten to fifteen years, of time to be given a fixed term under  custody, the allowed time for any revised term always ranges between eighteen to twenty five years. The commuting of fixed terms do greatly reduce the number of those in custody, since most of those who do go for revision of their terms behind bars always succeed in overturning the previous rulings and emerge victorious in the sense of having a freedom one day after completing their terms behind bars. In United States of America, California State leads as the most propound with one of the toughest, broadest and most rigorously applied minimum policies, which are generally known as â€Å"the three strikes and out† law (D’Alession & Stolzenberg, 1997). The state has put in place a mandatory twenty five years to life for a third crime case and there is no distinct ion among the types of felonies at this stage (Bellisle, 1999).               Various countries have introduced the use of methods like electronic tagging, which is a cost effective, robust and reliable method of controlling monitoring and rectifying the behaviors of the law breakers. It has become one of the most effective means to resettle the custodians back into the society of the convicts and also using the community. Putting the tags provides a very effective way to keep on track the offender curfews, the equipment too consist of a monitoring unit which is based on radio frequency technology and its use is throughout the criminal system and as an important part of bail conditions too. The tag can be placed on the prisoner’s ankle and the monitoring unit situated in the home or other pace of curfew. The tag and the monitoring unit work together in which the tag acts as the transmitter which sends signals to the monitoring unit, which in turn sends signals to the control center. The tag and the monitoring unit are always unde r a twenty four hour monitor, thus an immediate response is always received for any kind of violation, bringing in time proof as one of its qualities thus maximum reliability. This technology when installed under a supervision requirement, greatly contribute to reduction in offending.                  Giving reassurance to the society that the behavior of the law breakers are on check.               Life behind bars without the hope of parole gives no chance for fulfillment outside the walls of prison, no chance to reconcile with the society, no hope (American Society Of Criminology, 1970). Maturity, at times do lead to the considered reflection which is the foundation of remorse, rehabilitation and renewal. Teenagers living their lives knowing that they have no chance of leaving prison until death, has very minimal incentive of becoming a responsible person. A country like The United States of America imposed sentence of life without a parole on the youths, the was achieved in the U.S by slowly and steadily doing away with the founding principles of the justice of the juvenile systems. Thus this day, a record number of various citizens in the U.S are living their youth, juvenile life without parole (JLWOP), without the fear of being sentenced for crimes committed before being eighteen years of age (Nellis, 2012). Increasing the age of those who can be se ntenced to life imprisonment to a reasonable age, for example eighteen to twenty one years, gives one the experience of life, making one more wiser and sound in both his or her reasoning and thinking capacities. This makes sure that as few childish law breakers as possible end up behind bars.               Post prison support, where the government take the initiative of teaching, guiding and supervising those on probation. This is done through free treatment programs, forums and organizing rallies to campaign against breaking the law, where the culprits are made to be fully involved after making vows never to be part of law breakers ever again. These services are always assisted by volunteers who are citizens of these countries, the volunteers always find ways to befriend the victims thus enabling them to become closer to these people making it much easier for them to interact while share ideas and opinions about where the victims do go wrong bringing some sense into the victims on probation. Mostly, the offenders are always jailed for either violence or on issues related to drugs, in such situations people who were once addicted but have found a way out of the bondage are used to help create a mentality that nothing is impossible and the victims too can also ch ange and make something better out of their lives rather than being caught on the wrong side of the law (Hall, 1982).               In most countries, the small prison population can be due to the prison break, which is the act of a prisoner escaping or  leaving  the prison through unaccepted ways. Escaping prison is regarded as a criminal offence in most countries. Therefore, when an escape occurs, efforts are always made by those in charge of the prison to recapture and bring them back. Such an offence, is always punished by additional jail terms and increased security. Other factors which include whether or not violence was involved during the escape. This is always done to discourage the other inmates from attempting to escape too. However, not all those who escape from prison are always recaptured. This too is a factor which have contributed to the reduction in population in most prisons. Example of such attempts which succeeded include, the 17th century escape of the Dutch author, Hugo Grotius, who escaped from Loevestein where he was being held captive. He managed to go through the security checks by getting into a book coffin and was then smuggled outside. In 1915 the German Naval Air Service Kapitanleutnant, known as Gunther Pluschow, escaped broke from Downingtown Hall prisoner of War camp (Sutherland & Cressey, 1974). From Texas Death Row in 1998, Martin Gurule escaped and he was found dead few days after (Siegel, 2000). Such incidents have greatly contributed to the small prison population in various countries across the world.                In some countries, prisoners are treated like other normal persons, with responsibility and trust. Instead of making them to spend time behind bars, they are given duties within the prisons and mandates to explore their talents and areas of profession. Such prisoners, though under custody becomes very important elements in the society. They always involve themselves in productivity of the nation. They learn new skills which do help them once they are out of prison. Once such skills are acquired, some of the prisoner always involve themselves too much into the new skills they acquire. Such serious involvements help the detainees to rehabilitate and start acting in manners which are always accepted in the community. This too gives the government and other volunteers who are always willing to help those on probation, easy time when dealing with such people when they finally come out of jail. They become good ambassadors, some of them join the volunteers as activ ists against being found on the wrong side of the law. Some, with their newly acquired skills always involved themselves in activities which are productive in the society such as the non-formal education e.g. tailoring, shop keeping etc., skill building programs which involves the motivational talks and subjection to training and control. Such like activities, which they do learn when behind bars while interacting with their fellow inmates. They turn up to be very important parts of the society. And also they are always accepted by most people, because of the important contributions that they make towards the well-being of those around them and the country. Through such activities, other members of the society who in one way or the other, may be found on the wrong side of the law do try as much as they can to try as much to live like those on probation whom they interact with in their day today life (Conclin, 1981).                The other factor which have greatly contributed to small population in prisons, is corruption. Research has shown that the corruption in most prisons, are more widespread and deeply rooted as ever before. The Transparency International United Kingdom (TI-UK) even the conclusions made, do underestimate the true extent of corruption in prisons. This is because they omit three major factors. These factors include, the risks of the officers who are not in the prison  staff being widely involved in corruption. The other factor is, the impact that the organized crime within the prison population has and the symbiosis relationship between the management performance and the corruption. The research shows that the main problem within the services offered in various prisons is smuggling of the illegal materials within the prison walls, these include, drugs and mobile phones. Siegel (2000) states that, the act smuggling not only involve the non-prison staffs but also the prison officers. The prison officers even involve themselves in unwanted relationships with those who have been incarcerated. This close relationship makes it easier for the prisoners to manipulate the officers’ mind and find ways to escape. Escape of prisoners who are in a relationship is always easier because they can be given the uniforms by the officers. Through this the populations are greatly reduced in such prisons. Such corrupt officers do accept bribes from the prisoners so as to help them escape out of the prison.               In countries like the United States of America where there is the highest number of prisoners, approximately 1.7 million. Research show that early 1990s, when the imprisonment rate was half of the present figures. A federal court order was released to reduce overcrowding. This left various states with only two choices, the first one was to put fewer law breakers in custody and secondly, to construct more prisons. In the State of Louisiana, they managed to achieve only the first option which was to lock up fewer people, this was due to lack of funds. But, they were determined to put every law breaker behind bars. The sheriffs had to find ways of footing the funds for construction of the new prisons. And after a few years, there were prisons in most parts of the state. To the sheriffs having people behind bars is like a business with opportunity to develop his law enforcement arm. The sheriffs do buy new squad cars, guns and laptops. These improvements in the ar ms made by the sheriffs, help improve and monitor the arms with ease. This help ensuring that there is very minimum crime cases in the arms headed by any sheriffs. Due to the increased rooms and bed spaces, with arms too for sheriffs to take charge, there is always competition among the sheriffs. This creates a healthy completion where no sheriff will want to be left out.             The high prison population, can also be due to high number of laws set by the government to individuals to tame those with unwanted behaviors in the society. The many laws that are always put in place are there to guide, train and control the citizens to act according to the countries orders. Those found on the wrong side are always put under the police custody for some period of time before being tried to court to be found guilty or not. This is done for every slightest mistake, because when left unpunished, such people always turns out to be criminals charged with very massive offences. To prevent these the government always resolve for the best option of holding the law breakers captives until they are fully rehabilitated. This has proved to be best method to tame the unruly citizens. Since, some of the citizens who always break the law are always afraid to be imprisoned. However, other unruly citizens in these countries which experience high number of populati on in their prisons do get into trouble because of the kind of treatment then get when locked under bars (Grapes, 2000). Not all citizens of a country lives a good state at their homes. Some are dwelling in absolute poverty. To avoid the stress of thinking what to wear and food to eat, they always resolve to get into trouble. Such people when under the custody of the police, they always sure that at the end of the day they’ll be having the basic needs that are unaffordable when they are at their homes (Sutherland & Cressey, 1974). This is due to the good treatment in most of the prisons in the developed countries, where the prisoners’ rooms are always fitted with luxurious equipment like television, internet enabled computers, washrooms etc. For the street urchins who are tired of sleeping in the cold, they always resolve to committing crimes which do land them in such luxurious prisons to eliminate the problems that they do have in life. Conclusion                   The evidence is overwhelming: small prison population does not mean that a country is soft on crime. Through rehabilitation, even the most stubborn criminal can turn out to be the best activist against crime. The life behind bars too can transform any person no matter how rotten the morals of the person is. Increase of the age for those who can be sentenced for life to a reasonable age too is an important contributing factor for the small prison population in these countries. These countries too may be acting soft on criminals in that in most cases the criminals who are kept in custody always find ways to escape. Corruption is also found to be one of the factors that majorly contribute to both low and high prison population in these prisons. On the other hand, those countries with a high prison population is found to have many laws. These laws are found to be the greatest contributor to the large numbers behind bars. References Siegel, L. J. (2000).  Criminology. Belmont, California-U.S.A: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. American society of criminology. (1970).  Criminology. Columbus, OH [etc.: American Society of Criminology [etc. Sutherland, E. H., and Cressey, D. R. (1974). Criminology. Philadelphia-U.S.A: Lippincott Nellis, A. (2012). The Life of Juvenile Lifers. Washington, D.C-U.S.A: DeSales St. Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York: Pantheon Books. Gendreau, P., GOGGIN, C., LITTLE, T., AND CANADA. (1996).  Predicting adult offender recidivism: What works! Ottawa- Canada: Solicitor General Canada. Grapes, B. J. (2000).  Prisons. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Canadian criminal justice association. (2003).  Canadian journal of criminology and criminal justice Revue canadienne de criminologie et justice peÃŒ nale. Ottawa, Canadian Criminal Justice Association. http://www.metapress.com/content/1911-0219/. Hall williams, J. E. (1982).  Criminology and criminal justice. London, Butterworths. Source document

Primo Levi essays

Primo Levi essays Primo Levi's memoir of his 10 months in Auschwitz is a masterpiece of Holocaust literaturenot simply a recounting of personal tragedies and historical atrocities, but a remarkably clear-eyed and rigorous meditation on the fragile nature of human personality and identity in the face of systematic oppression. A 25-year-old chemist when he was arrested in his native Turin by the Italian fascists and deported to Poland's most notorious rail terminus, Levi used his observational skills and considerable literary gifts to paint a detailed portrait of the death camp. Yet, throughout this 1961 book, he scrupulously reminds the reader that no amount of writerly eloquence will ever do justice to the experience of those who suffered there. (This review was written under the original title of the book: If This is a Man followed by The Truce) Reading this book filled me with sorrow and horror. I was prepared for the horror but did not expect the crawling sadness of this impassive tale of improbable survival, of days and months of fear, hunger and torment that I devoured in astonishment but digested with a lot more difficulty. That there were millions of human beings that went through such systematic torture and annihilation and that this whole torment was inflicted by man. That others (all of us) should quickly declare it an aberration and fail to relate to it. Primo Levi talks of a nightmare common among concentration camp prisoners: they are telling their story to people from home, people outside the camps and no one is listening. Reading Levis tale of survival and lengthy repatriation, we come to understand the need for telling this extraordinaty experience. It is said that those survivors who chose not to talk were those who could not reconcile the shame and misery of the camp experience with their condition as huma n beings. They tried in vain to suppress a memory they could not assimilate. Others, like Levi, maitained the belief in his h...

Free Essays on Advertising Ethics

â€Å"Prozac can help†.(Vol.344) Prozac may be good for some people but for others it may not be the drug they need, and because of ads like that they feel the need to pressure their physician for a prescription for it. Can it really help put sunny days back into a miserable life? America has allowed direct to consumer advertising for over a decade now but to date there have been no claims that anyone has been hurt by it. In television ads the companies are prepared to pay the cost that it takes to tel... Free Essays on Advertising Ethics Free Essays on Advertising Ethics The age of advertising today is not what it used to be years ago. Pharmaceutical companies are spending on average billions of dollars to market their drugs directly to the consumers. With this comes a potential harm to some consumers due to the fact that they feel like they are free to ask for anything that may stop the symptoms they have. Should the FDA take a stand in putting a stop to how certain drugs are marketed, or just continue to let it get out of control? Who should be able to control the prescriptions: the patient or the doctor? Take the drug Prozac for our first example: it’s in rock lyrics, magazines, books and billboards. I don’t think there are too many people who have not heard of it or that in some point of their lives were not on it. Many parents are turning to their children’s doctor to put them on it because of problems they may be having at home. In an article from The Economist I found that it is illegal in Europe to advertise prescription drugs. They are allowed to market they’re over the counter drugs but an advertisement for a prescription drug can only be found in medical journals. It was felt that advertising prescriptions filled the heads of consumers and it could undermine the doctor’s authority. Lilly Pharmaceutical company did a two page spread on Prozac that had one page with a dark rainy sky with the words â€Å"Depression Hurts† and on the other side was a bright sunny sky with the words â€Å"Prozac can help†.(Vol.344) Prozac may be good for some people but for others it may not be the drug they need, and because of ads like that they feel the need to pressure their physician for a prescription for it. Can it really help put sunny days back into a miserable life? America has allowed direct to consumer advertising for over a decade now but to date there have been no claims that anyone has been hurt by it. In television ads the companies are prepared to pay the cost that it takes to tel...

Acquiring a Contract with the Navy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Acquiring a Contract with the Navy - Assignment Example This has raised the importance of negotiation in order to win the bidding on a contract with Navy (Dilger, 2013). In United States, most of the jobs are created in small business as a result of which initiative for growth and development of the concerned sector has been taken into account through the implementation of federal contracts. The Small Business Act (1953), states the importance of federal contract for the development of concerned sector. The Act further states that equal opportunity is provided to small sectors to ensure participation in the federal contracts. In the context of small business, HUBZone set-asides for small business that restrict some contracts associated with the same. Lester has developed the business across the regions and has been creating a huge amount of impact on the overall area and developing the effectiveness of the system. Therefore, it can be considered that with respect to the policies of the Act LesterMyers is qualified for gaining the bid cont act of Navy. In addition Lester has the proposed financial capacity that helps in developing as well as supporting it to meet with the needs of specifications of HUBZone (Dilger, 2013). The multi-year contract signifies continuous purchase of products and services from the same supplier for the period between one to five years at maximum. In case of multi-year contract, it becomes essential to maintain the performance according to terms of contact because it may lead to cancellation of payment to the concerned contractor. A multi-year contact is likely to be beneficial for Navy because it reduces the problem associated with seeking to identify the potential supplier of services. The changing rate of inflation as well as other market factors is likely to affect the price associated with the service (Jensen, 2006). In such case, multi-year contact is beneficial for navy as it ensures that change in prices does not affects the overall value of contact. A multi-year