I Love Me free essay sample

Eve Greater 11/30/12 Persuasive Historical Essay In the early 20th century, many social and political movements demanded the attention and action of the United States.During this time, Jane Addams became an accomplished philosopher, author, peace advocate, feminist and sociologist during the Progressive era, who was unique from other reformers during this time because she didnt prioritize the social, economic, and political inequalities that plagued Americas minorities; Every issue was important and she proposed her beliefs on coexistence through a pacifist attitude that helped pave the way to the accomplishment of many successful abort and social reform movements because the actions she took to promote change ignited an awareness among middle class America that wasnt there before, thus making her a central figure for the many rights that passed through the legislature. As far as philosophy goes, Pragmatism was a new and popular theory supported by many philosophers in the late 1 ass s. We will write a custom essay sample on I Love Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In basic terms, the theory states that if a solution or answer doesnt always apply to the same issue, then that answer or solution wasnt the absolute truth; it wasnt really a true solution or answer. Philosophers worldwide supported his term; however, a vast majority made a few tweaks to reshape its original definition. An example of this is John Dewey, who coined the term instrumentalist (Encyclopedia, pig. 1). He, along with philosopher Jane Addams, believed that ideas are the instruments that guide our actions, which have the power to change the world, and that the value of our ideas shouldnt be measured by the truth of them, but by the success that comes from the action (Hamilton, pig. 1).In other words, success should be measured by our actions, not necessarily from our thoughts. Together they redefined necromancy in terms of pragmatism and civic activism, with more of an emphasis on duty and less on rights (Hamilton, pig. 1). Jane Addams applied her philosophical beliefs by constructing her own three ethical principles, with partner Ellen Starr, which consisted of the following: Teach by Example, Practice cooperation, and practice social democracy, that is, egalitarianism or democratic social reforms across class lines (Graham, pig. 1). Jane Addams interpreted this philosophy by taking action to promote peace using her pacifist ideals as a beacon to promote others to end wars.She felt that war as a complete regression in human social evolution and openly opposed America joining in the World War 1 of 1914 by organizing the Womens Peace Party and the International Congress of Women (Shoot, pig. 1) . After publicly announcing that shed observed soldiers in Europe being plied with alcohol before charging into battlefield, many newspapers in New York criticized her efforts at attaining an antiwar society and labeled her a socialist, communist, and anarchist (Shoot, pig. 1). One Newspaper quoted her as a silly, vain, impertinent old maid, who may have done good charity work at the Hull House, Chicago, but is now meddling with matters far beyond her comprehension (Shoot, pig. 1).Many of her radical pacifist friends deserted her at this time due to embarrassment or fear of being shunned, but Addams held on and made her pleas heard, which is what made her such a key figure during the Womens Suffrage movements in the early 20th century Unlike some feminists during this time, Addams didnt feel that women were better than men, but equal. Her main goal was to promote equality in the political and social world that had always been known as the biggest barrier between he sexes. During a speech at the Chicago Political Equality League in 1897, Addams stated that l am not one of those who believe broadly speaking that women are better than men.We have not wrecked railroads, nor corrupted legislatures, nor done many unholy things that men have done; but then we must remember that we have not had the chance? (Hewitt, pig. 1). She didnt define equal as just having the right to vote, but by also having the option of choice in every aspect a man does; marriage, career field, representation in US legislature, education, etc. Addams was also an advocate f birth control, which many other female suffragists, such as Elizabeth Stanton, didnt promote (Hewitt, pig. 1). Many feminists didnt advocate contraception, but rather abstinence or a womans right to refuse sexual relations with her husband.She also went as far as to publish the novel, A New Conscience and An Ancient Evil (191 2), which highlighted the effects of lousy safety regulations, such as poor women being forced into prostitution (Hewitt, pig. 1). Likewise, the foundation of Addams Hull House in the slums of Chicago affected women in the area positively because it allowed them the option to choose a different life than the norm. Women could come live at Hull-House and help play an active role in reforming the surrounding community through discussions and even speeches educating others. This tactic spread like wild fire, as more and more women followed this example and used their voice to draw awareness to the many concerns that men tended to overlook in the voting world.Because of her strong will and driven stride pertaining to a coexisting society, Addams became one of the best sociologists of her time. Compared to other sociologists during the early 20th century, Jane Addams wasnt simply unique because she was a woman, but also because she urged change through deeds of generosity that didnt provide any benefits to her specifically, but to everyone in society. Almost all sociologists in the late 19th century were strictly ma le, and many of them were referred to as Chair Theorists because theyd literally sit in a chair and study a society, all in an attempt to reach some sort of resolution as to why a society functions the way it does (Krebs, pig. 1). A prime example of this is Karl Marx, who created the conflict theory (Krebs, pig. 1).Although he made some interesting points on society, he didnt actually do anything to improve the yester, unlike Addams, who supported social reform issues including womens rights, ending child labor, and the mediation during the 1910 Garment Workers Strike (Fitzgerald, pig. 1). Addams defined her sociological ideas with the combination of symbolic interactions, popular theories of cultural feminism, and pragmatist instrumentalist (Fitzgerald, pig. 1). She also worked with other reform groups toward goals including the first juvenile- court law, tenement-house regulation, the eight-hour working day for women, factory inspection, and workers compensation to help the lives of others Fitzgerald, pig. 1).In addition, she strove for the justice of immigrants and blacks by financing the Hull House and supporting NAACP, and also advocated research aimed at determining the causes of poverty and crime, and alas supported women suffrage (Betties, pig. 1). Some of the projects that the members of the Hull House opened were the Immigrants Protective League, the Juvenile Protective Association, the first juvenile court in the United States, and a Juvenile Psychopathic Clinic (Betties, pig. 1). By using her sociological background as a tool, Addams went out to set an example for the utter treatment of immigrants, children, and women as an overall goal to attain world peace.Contradictory too many other charities with similar goals of helping the poor, Addams made a true difference for immigrants by founding a nonreligious settlement house, writing books with a description of the life of the poor such as Twenty Years at Hull House (191 0), educating immigrants, and by getting all classes of society involved with the unresolved health and safety issues of the poor and working class (Biography, pig. 1). The quote that best sums up Addams lifestyle is Be the change you wish to see in he world (Gandhi), which is exactly what she did. Like I stated in the previous paragraph, Addams helped acquire immigrants and children legal rights in the work field, however, the good deeds didnt stop there; she also personally showed immigrants how to survive in a foreign country.The foundation of the first settlement house in America with partner Ellen G Starr was one example of this because it provided food, shelter, schooling to children, medical attention, English classes, and therapy sessions for free to the immense poor population residing in the Chicago slums (Biography, pig. 1). Addams even went as far as to become the garbage inspector of the 1 9th ward because the health regulations surrounding the area were so poor (Biography, pig. 1). Inevitably, her generous example sparked the involvement of many respectable middle class women who volunteered at the Hull House to become hands-on educated about the horrors of how the immigrant population functioned. By getting the people involved, the government became more quickly aware of the filthy and unjust conditions, and began to start taking legal action with the support of the president, Theodore Roosevelt (Biography, pig. 1).Jane Addams example was immensely successful in contributing to a peaceful and equal society because she inspired humanity to strive towards coexistence through a pacifist, compressible attitude. Without her example, many of the average Americans wouldnt have been involved in promoting change for equality because many other reformers were extreme in their tactics to acquiring their own desired outcomes. Because of Jane Addams, many of the health, work, and equal rights laws were brought to the attention of the legislature more effectively and had s he not of been around, they might not have been given the due credit that was desperately deserved.

At Your Disposal

At Your Disposal At Your Disposal At Your Disposal By Maeve Maddox Some speakers, perhaps because of their familiarity with the word disposal in connection with trash, seem to have trouble with the polite idiom â€Å"at your disposal.† For example, I saw this comment on a Yahoo forum: â€Å"If you are at their disposal, it is derogatory and demeaning.† Disposal and its different forms descend from Latin disponere, â€Å"to set in different places, to arrange.† The verb has more than one meaning, including the following: to place or arrange things in a particular order to make fit or ready to make arrangements to get rid of The noun disposal can mean the action of disposing of something. In the expression â€Å"at one’s disposal,† it means â€Å"the power or right to dispose of, make use of, or deal with as one pleases.† The notion that the person â€Å"at one’s disposal† is â€Å"under the command of another† is doubtless the reason for objections to the expression by literalists. Language has its polite conventions, and most people can tell the difference between convention and sincerity. Literalists, however, object to addressing a letter â€Å"Dear Sir† and signing it â€Å"Yours faithfully† on the grounds that the language is â€Å"too intimate† to use with a stranger. Taking the quotation a little out of context, I’ll let Dr. Johnson explain the difference between sincerity and social convention: you may say to a man, â€Å"Sir, I am your most humble servant.† You are not his most humble servant. You may say, â€Å"These are sad times† You dont mind the times. You tell a man, â€Å"I am sorry you had such bad weather the last day of your journey, and were so much wet.† You dont care six-pence whether he was wet or dry. You may talk in this manner; it is a mode of talking in Society† Speakers who object to putting a person at someone’s disposal can still use the idiom in regard to an object or a facility. Here are some examples of current usage: Rest assured that Alotta Properties, Inc. will be at your disposal for as long as you need us. Anecdotal evidence is great and it’s even better the more of it you have at your disposal. But, my good sir, why do you come to me? Your motive is most excellent, but an honest employment is the last thing at my disposal. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastDo you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?Letter Writing 101

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 3 Case Assignment Essay

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 3 Case Assignment - Essay Example The learning organization, according to Skyrme, (2010), is an organization that has in place systems and mechanisms as well as processes that enhance the capabilities of the organization and at the same time achieve the organizations objectives. They have noted that the important pieces of that system are that it is adaptive to the environment in which it is used, it continually enhances the capability of the organization to change and adapt, it develops a collective as well as individual learning base, and it uses the results of learning to achieve better results. In other words, it manages to pull together all the talents and knowledge throughout the organization, making it available for use in improving the corporation instead of going out of the organization to look for something that is already there. It is easy to see why this would be compared to a brain. As each synapse in the brain fires, it triggers another synapse, very much like this kind of knowledge or learning organiza tion might do. Social networking itself, works a lot like the different parts of the brain. Some things are controlled by the left hemisphere and some are controlled by the right. There is the Pons and medulla and hind and forebrain, all have different functions that they control, but in each case, that information is readily available for the others to use when needed. It occurs very much the same way in a corporation. For example, in a hospital, the nurses function as a pod, the physicians another, the casemanagers and social workers another. Within each of those pods, specialized activities occur but when the other needs some of that specialized activity to make their part of the organization work better, it is available. Social media is an outgrowth of the need to communicate. There are actually many large corporations using social networking to improve their business. This kind of

Effect of Social Network Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effect of Social Network - Research Paper Example ..† (Ebesco host, n.d). This has undoubtedly had many effects on the user individually, and it has affected their general ways of thinking because of individuals having access to others opinions. The impacts of social media cannot be simply classified as good or bad, as it is a subject that elicits several different opinions from different groups and each school of thought s based on different circumstances. One of the effects of social network that has had a very widely felt and influential impact is the empowering of its users with information. In addition, a forum to air their views in circumstances where, the same would not have been previously possible. The revolutions that took place in Egypt and Liberia in the last year can trace a lot of their motivation on social network sites like face book. The people in these countries had been oppressed but could not do anything about it since the governments controlled most of the media and kept it censored. However, the citizens could share all the information they wanted and messages encouraging revolution and resistance as well as records of governments injustices were put on facebook and significantly facilitated the revolutions. From this, we can see social media being used to bring political revolutions and hence have a picture of what a powerful tool it is. Social networking is also said to be addictive, and teens often get addicted to and cannot spend a few hours without getting online to chat with friends. Bearing in mind that the physiological and psychological effects on these networks can be severe, and addiction to social networks can pose a serious problem. This is because it has been proved that,â€Å"†¦ overuse of media and technology has a negative effect on the health of all children, preteens and teenagers by making them more prone to anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( American Psychological Association, 2011). Sexual offenders have also used facebo ok as a platform on which to lure and entice their victims through fake but attractive identities. Many youths who go social networking to make friends or date have been taken advantage of when they form relationships with some of these offenders who should they meet in person, assault or even kill them. Social networks are susceptible to malicious people considering that,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦there are more than 600,000 Registered Sex Offenders in United States and about 150,000 of them have been lost in the system† (Williams & Lebrun, 2009 p.105). These statistics posted on facebook by loud security systems help users to appreciate the immense danger posed by social networks in the hands of the wrong people. The amount of time spent on social networks can also negatively affect ones school grades. This is because many students are online when they should be studying and often they use their smart phones in class to social network. This often translates into poor concentration in cla ss and the same can be transferred to the workplace when they will be employed. They may end up wasting many hours online when they should be working. On the other hand, social networks play a prominent role in helping people to socialize, especially teenagers, as the assumption that, social networks make people anti social, does not always holds true. This is because shy children can be able to meet and make new friends online which is extremely beneficial for their

Augusta Nationals Two Female Members Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Augusta Nationals Two Female Members - Essay Example The Augusta National Golf Club has shown gender discrimination throughout its history by allowing none of its almost 300 members to be a woman until recently, when the Cub took an action long overdue on it by announcing Condoleezza Rice, the former US Secretary of State, and Darla Moore, the South Carolina financier to be its members. The Club was also publicly pressured by Martha Burk, the women’s rights activist in the year 2001 to allow membership to women, but Hootie Johnson, the chairman of the Club at that time said in response that the Club might alter its policy one day â€Å"but not at the point of a bayonet† (Johnson cited in Tyler). When Bubba Watson joined the Augusta National Golf Club’s tradition of wearing the green jacket upon winning the Masters Golf Tournament, the celebrations were tarnished by the exclusive discrimination displayed by the Club towards the women. One of the lawyers said that the implications of this discrimination could be broader and extend to all working women. The Augusta National Golf Club has been disreputable for a long time in history because of its disallowance for women to become its members. â€Å"The fathers and sons of Augusta know full well that they have built for themselves not just a golf course but one of the great corridors of power in America, and with chests fully puffed, have fiercely and proudly denied women access to those corridors† (Brennan).... In addition to that, all of the past IBM CEOs had served as the Club’s members. The only factor that differed this time was that the CEO was a woman unlike the past CEO members who were all men. Payne retreated the discussion and Rometty did not wear the green jacket to symbolize the club’s membership over the weekend. David Scher, the Employment Law Group’s attorney expected the effects of the exclusive policy of the Augusta National Golf Club to reach all working women. He said, â€Å"This is not the only place that this is happening. Free association allows all kinds of clubs, but there are lots of men's organizations that keep women out of the workforce and it is really time for that to change† (Scher cited in Mielach). 21st century is the time for the discrimination to recede, be that against races or genders. Discriminatory policies do not help any organization holding it, but just serves to complicate things for certain members of the society. †Å"Playing golf and other pastimes is integral to the business world, and outright discrimination against women in the private golf world, although technically legal, can have a severe and lasting illegal impact in the workplace† (Scher cited in Mielach). Grant of the Augusta National Golf Club’s membership to two women in this year is a very big milestone in the way of realization of the equality of genders and will have far-reaching effects for all women in the society and bring a positive revolutionary change in the acceptability of women in the business world in general and the sports in particular. Something like selection of women members for the first time since the establishment of a prestigious club will have an effect on the policies of similar

Advantages Of Autonomous Vehicles

Advantages Of Autonomous Vehicles Autonomous cars, or cars that run without a human driver, have been in development for over the past few decades, starting from the late 70s and extending towards the present date and even beyond. During the early stages, the autonomous vehicles were slow in speed and even in reaction time. Nowadays, with technological advancement, coupled with better research knowledge and funding towards further development, product improvement has clearly been observed. From the early days of mechanical feedback systems to modern software incorporation, numerous improvements have been made. 2. Advantages of Autonomous Vehicles Finding from the World health Organization (WHO) several years ago regarding automobile accidents: Accidents expenditure in the United States reached $230 billion; with over $30 billion going into health care. Such will only increase, because the road accidents are expected to be the third largest killer worldwide by 2020. There are two possible approaches to make cars safer. Systems can be implemented to make a car accident less lethal or to prevent accidents. Also, from an energy and efficiency point of view, in general, people are not able to drive the best as well. Having computers to do the driving is going to save energy significantly. However, since vehicles are networked and with traffic flow synchronized, it is an apples-to-orange comparison. Autonomous cars wont have to tackle congestion and stop-and-go traffic, as is present today. Road travel will speed up, more predictability, and passengers will have ample space to focus on other things while travelling. The vehicles will be a lot less heavy. There will be a reduced need for designs to deal with impacts, as the heavy vehicles of today are driven by error prone humans, nor a need to be equipped with protection instruments to protect drivers (e.g. crumple zones, airbags, or even seatbelts). Further advantages of driverless vehicles, aside from the significant safety and energy benefits that would be presented with their use, will be an increase in transportation access. Aged, restricted mobility, poor, and even the language illiterate individuals can safely travel. It will be like having a chauffeur at all times. 3. Integrating technology to make an autonomous vehicle For vehicles to be made autonomous will require advanced sensors and actuators to coordinate hand in hand. Definition of sensor and actuator Sensor A device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it Actuator An actuator is a mechanism responsible for the movement or control of a machine, apparatus or system. It utilizes energy, commonly transported by air, electrical current, or fluid, and translates that into a type of motion. 3.1. Sensors in an autonomous car In an autonomous vehicle, apart from speed sensors, sensors are used for lane position tracking as well as front obstruction detection. This comes in the form of radars. If lane positioning or safety distance is not within safety parameters, the sensor will send signals to the microcontroller. From there, the microcontroller will coordinate the various actuators such as throttle, steering and brakes to enable the vehicle to stay within the parameter. Various sensors used in the mobilization operation of autonomous cars includes a radar reflective stripe system with a vision based system for lane location sensing, a radar system and a scanning laser range finding system for the detection of obstacles ahead of the autonomous car, and various assisting sensors including off-centre looking radars and one angular rate gyroscope. Figure 1 shows a sketch of an autonomous car with the various sensors, actuators and operating devices. 3.2. Actuators in an autonomous car Brake Actuators Coordinate car speed with the sensors and/or users pre-input. Used for slowing down the car when there is a need to. Steering Actuator The steering actuator is a motor controlled by the car in-built microprocessor. The microcontroller takes in signals from the various sensors to steer the car which is done by directing the motor for controlling the angle of the wheels. Throttle Actuators Used for controlling the output of the cars engine based on the sensor or users pre-input. This will increase and reduce the speed of the vehicle as well as maintain. 3.3. Current technologies, design and construction concept used to realize various sensors and actuators in an autonomous vehicle 3.3.1. Electronic Scanning Radar Electronic Scanning Radar is an inexpensive effective object-detection system that utilizes electromagnetic waves, specifically radio waves, to determine the range, direction, or speed of both mobilized and stationary objects. Radio waves or microwaves transition from the radar sensor bounces off any object in their path. The object will then return a tiny portion of the waves energy to the antenna which is normally located at the same spot as the transmitter. Radar technology has the ability to measure positions and speed vectors of multiple targets at the same time, with precise accuracy, within a short time frame. Detection and tracking algorithms are normally given in a one-box-design and some manufacturers allow space for vehicle/customer/application specific code in the radar systems. The ESR enables a wide coverage at mid-range and high-resolution long range using stand-alone radar. Wide and mid-range coverage not only enables vehicles cutting in from adjacent lanes to be detected, but also determines vehicles and pedestrians along the width of the vehicle. Long-range coverage gives accurate range and speed data, with great object discrimination that can identify as much as 64 targets in the vehicles path. The ESR also allows powerful functionality which includes the following: -adaptive cruise control -forward collision warning -brake support -headway alert 3.3.2. Brake actuator One method of braking widely used by autonomous vehicles, although also widely used in contemporary vehicles, is the disc braking system. The main components of disc brakes comprise the following: Brake pads Caliper containing a piston Rotor that is mounted to the hub The disc brake is quite similar to the brakes on a bicycle. Bicycle brakes use a caliper, which forces the brake pads against the wheel. In a disc brake, the pads forces on the rotor instead of the wheel, and with the force being transmitted hydraulically instead of a cable. Friction between each pad and the disc slows the vehicle down. A moving car contains kinetic energy and by stopping the car, the brakes are actually removing this energy. The brakes do this by converting the kinetic energy into that of heat. Therefore, in most cars, ventilation is provided for the brakes. 3.3.3. Adaptive Cruise Control Adaptive cruise control utilizes forward-looking radar with its installation located at the back of the grill of a vehicle, to identify the speed and distance of the vehicle in front of it. Adaptive cruise control is of the same principal as conventional cruise control in that it maintains the vehicle pre-set speed. However, unlike the contemporary cruise control, this implementation can automatically adjust the speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles along the same lane. This is performed through a radar headway sensor, digital signal processor as well as a longitudinal controller. If the front vehicle slows down, or should another object get detected, the system will send a signal to the engine or braking system to slow down. Subsequently, when the road gets cleared, the system will increase the vehicle speed back to the set value. Cruise control is an example of a closed-loop control system Closed and Open Loop Explained In a closed-loop configuration, a feedback component is being sent together with the input. The difference in the input and feedback signals is sent to the controller. In response to the difference, the controller acts on the process forcing the output to change in a direction that will cause reduction in the difference of the input signal and the feedback component. A closed-loop system has the ability to regulate itself in the midst of disturbances or variations in its own characteristics. Hence, a closed-loop system has an advantage over that of an open-loop Likewise, a cruise control has an input signal of a desired velocity. This goes through any number of amplifiers in the mode of transfer functions and gains, and then, outputs a signal which the motor utilizes to modify its power. Disturbances in the system may include wind speed, bumps on the road, etc. When these obstacles affect the speed of the car, data passes through from the end of the control system in the form of velocity data to the beginning, where it makes appropriate changes to the input signals so it can then properly adjust the speed of the car. Closed loop control systems has its output compared with the desired parameter settings and the process is varied in order for the output to satisfy the requirement. The accelerator of a conventional man-driven vehicle, on the other hand, is an example for an open-loop control. This is a simple link between the gas pedal and the car engine. When stepped on, the engine propels the car, and this does not stop until you remove the input signal (Pedal stepped on with continued pressure). Should there be obstacles along the way, this will affect the speed of the vehicle so long as pedal is being stepped on to a certain particular extend. Open-loop systems provides an output according to the desired set point irrespective to the changes that occur due to certain disturbances in the process. An open-loop control system is influenced directly, and only, by an input signal, without the beneficial use of a feedback. 3.3.4. Oxygen Sensor A vehicle oxygen sensor, also known as a lambda sensor, is a small sensor installed into the exhaust system of a petrol engine for the measurement of the oxygen concentration that remains in the exhaust gas to enable an electronic control unit (ECU) to control the efficiency of the engine combustion process. In majority of all modern automobiles, including autonomous ones, these sensors are installed at the engines exhaust manifold to identify whether the mixture of air together with gasoline going into the engine is rich or lean. That means too much or too little fuel respectively. 3.3.5. CAN-bus CAN Bus is a multiplexed wiring system commonly utilized in the connection of intelligent devices such as Electronic Control Units (ECU) on vehicles, allowing data to be transferred in reliable manner at a lower cost. This also reduces the need for massive amounts of cables In a vehicle. CAN stands for Controller Area Network and it was development was by Bosch, in 1980. Majority of new vehicles utilizes this system and it is becoming more difficult to install after-market products without the use of a CAN Bus Interface. CAN bus is commonly used in autonomous vehicles. 4. Capabilities and Potentials as well as the limitation for the various telematic devices in an autonomous vehicle 4.1. Disc Brakes Today, in almost all automobiles, both conventional and autonomous, disc brakes are the most found .They are better at stopping vehicles than many other type of brakes; which is why they are still in existence since 1902. High speed vehicles need better brakes to slow them down, so most probably a disc brake would be installed. Limitation Heat retention is a common problem with disc brakes. Unfortunately, this causes brake fade. It is where the brake components have absorbed all the heat they can possibly withstand. This means they are unable to absorb more energy and thus, will not be able to slow the car further. 4.2. Cruise Control It is definitely better to be in an autonomous vehicle. This makes life for the user easier as he do not need to drive. Also, with humans in control of the vehicle, a higher tendency of error occurs. In autonomous vehicles, one of the components that make the technology possible is the cruise control. The cruise control aids in automatically controlling the speed as well as maintaining a safe distance from the car in front. This makes travelling safer. Limitation The cruise control of todays autonomous vehicles can only track the car ahead of the equipped vehicle. This means safety is only taken in reference from the front, and not from the back. In the later part of this report, we will look into the intelligent cruise control. 4.3. Radar Sensor Radar aids in making a vehicle autonomous. Current technology enables radar to accurately detect at greater distances, identify up to 64 targets and can be integrated to an autonomous vehicle to assist in many various operations such as cruise control, braking, collision warning and headway alert. Limitation: Current implementations do not permit collision avoidance when environment is obscured with smokes and dust. 4.4. CAN-bus With the huge reduction in wiring, this leads to the following:- (i) Vast reduction in production cost; which also leads to lower retail cost. (ii) Lighter weight for vehicle, thus leading to improved fuel consumption. (b) Reduced number of interconnections, which leads to improved reliability. Limitations Installation is relatively costly, and the requirement for specialised knowledge is needed for maintenance and repair of the vehicle. 5. Continued improvements for Sensors and Actuators in autonomous vehicles The first segment in this section discusses about the improvement in intelligence provided in a sensor over the years and how it has brought about major improvements. Second section will talk about the future sensors and actuators development in autonomous vehicles. 5.1.1. Increased level of intelligence provided in sensors has and explanation to why enhancing the intelligence of a typical sensor may encourage improved performance. This section discusses the details and describes the evolution of a critical sensor in the implementation of a safety critical active controller in passenger cars called ABS (Antilock Brake System). ABS works on the principle of optimizing the wheels slips (for maximizing the brake force) in the car during the event of braking. Wheel slips are defined as below: The critical task in controlling the braking wheels of the car boils down to evaluating the speed of the vehicle and hence estimating the deceleration desired and actually achieved. The difference of which triggers the actual hydraulic pressure build up in each wheel. The complex task of vehicle velocity estimation is done through using wheel speed sensors in each wheel of the car as shown below: Until the advent of active wheel speed sensors recently, global automotive industry was using the passive wheel speed sensors for calculating the wheel speeds. 5.1.1.1. Passive Sensors Passive sensors operate with a steel tone ring application. These variable reluctance sensors are used to measure speed/position of the vehicles tone ring. As the magnetic flux through the coil of the sensor is changed, so does the resulting voltage which is then measured and used to calculate wheel speed. This technology is considered outdated and is typically bypassed for active intelligent sensors. 5.1.1.2. Active Sensors (Intelligent) Standard active wheel speed sensors operate on the Hall Effect. They are able to be used with a magnetic encoder or steel tone ring application. As the magnetic flux changes (created by an internal magnet or the magnetic encoder), the hall sensor creates an output current which can be measured and converted into wheel speed. Standard WSS only measure wheel speed and do not have any additional signals for vehicle operation. A Hall element (square shaped semiconductor layer) is supplied by a permanent current (I const). Applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the current flow the electrons are deflected due to the Lorenz force. This deflection can be measured as Hall voltage, which is perpendicular to the magnetic field (B) and the current flow (I const). The Hall voltage (V Hall) is directly proportional to the external magnetic field. The magnetic field is established either by a magnetic encoder or internal sensor magnet. These active sensors offer benefits when compared to passive sensors. The dominant factors that took the stride towards active intelligent wheel speed sensors were: Weight reduction. Size reduction. Reduction in Cost but improvement in performance. Low speed detection benefits. Passive sensors had the hurdle of building enough reluctance at low vehicle speeds but with active sensors wheel speeds can be detected with changing magnetic fields at as low as ~0.1 m/sec. Direction detection. With developing ASICs and also the magnetic encoders thereby made wheel speed sensors smarter and hence has led to the advantage of vehicle motion direction detection in the sensors. It effectively has offloaded the software task of direction detection by many folds. With detection possible at such low vehicle speeds a new development of Hill Hold Controllers was triggered in the industry. 5.1.2. Intelligent sensor and the mechanism for transferring the measurement to a central data logger or processor. Example is explained in the above question. The mechanism for transferring the measurement to a processor in this case it is ABS controller is here: CAN Bus ABS Controller Pressure application on each wheel Hydraulic controller With reference to the diagram above: The data or pulses/signals from the wheel speed sensors are collected in the special ASICs designed for this purpose from there a SPI bus architecture is used to transfer it to the software layer (HSW box above). Filtering and certain algorithms regarding determination of data usability are made in the stat machine of the software layer. Usable and filtered data is further passed down to the ABS controller through the CAN bus. ABS determines the pressure targets for each wheel and hydraulic controller applies the set targets on the individual wheels for attaining the desired stopping distance of the car. 5.2 Future Development for Sensors and Actuators in autonomous vehicles 5.2.1. Brakes In the future, the hydraulic line may not ever again be needed in an automobiles braking system. In fact, in a recent study performed by Frost Sullivan, it is predicted that, after the year 2010, the automobile industry will begin to replace hydraulic-braking systems with that of brake-by-wire. The utilization of the brake-by-wire technologies like the electro-mechanical braking system and the electronic-wedge brake is predicted to be the norm for future vehicles. This method of braking uses electronic signals instead of mechanical to achieve braking power. The electro mechanical barking system or EMB will not require hydraulic lines due to the activation of the brake being done within the wheel assembly itself. Instead of utilizing calipers, this system uses a wheel brake module. The module comprises of disc brakes and an electric motor which will be the one that activates the brakes during activation. As it is, this method of braking is known as brake-by-wire. Certain automobile companies have almost already fully implemented this system into their automobiles, namely Toyota and Mercedes. However, a full brake-by-wire system has yet to come out and will only be out in the near future. 5.2.2 Radar Future implementations will be the autonomous vehicle navigation and obstacle detection sensor radar. This device, currently being tested, will assist in reducing the quantity of separated components that is required to satisfy the needs of an autonomous vehicle. The navigation and obstacle detection can be done with just one component device. If being mounted on a suitable spot on a vehicle, this all-rounder obstacles detection and navigation radar will eliminate the need for multiple contemporary radars. This will reduce the weight of the vehicle and thus, saving on fuel cost. Furthermore, future implementations will enable obstacle avoidance and prevent collision even when environment is obscured with smokes and dust. 5.2.3. Intelligent Cruise Control In cars nowadays and in autonomous vehicles, the cruise control will only strive to maintain a safe distance from the front car. Unfortunately, this does not include the back car. With this new implementation, the spacing from the back vehicle will also be taken into consideration, together with the spacing from the front vehicle. This system also works and serves especially well when lane switching is being performed. This is due to the inadequate gap tendency between the front and back vehicle. 6. Conclusion The earlier sections in this report has aimed to bring about the ideas of current technology implementations of an autonomous vehicle. As demonstrated, there are still flaws within the system. However, with the intelligence of sensors increasing constantly, it is almost sure that many of the problems faced by autonomous vehicle manufacturers will be solved in the near future.

WAR And PEACE And How It Effected The World :: essays research papers

If your computer starts up in the 24 bit version of the game with fuzzy looking graphics, try re-selecting the screen mode from the F11 menu. This should cure this problem. High colour GTA uses a built-in version of the "univbe" display driver to provide its multitude of 15, 16 and 32-bit display modes. If your video card is not recognised by the univbe check, or if you change your video card and the check does not update to it, try running uvconfig.exe in the gtados directory. If that doesn't work, try running 24-bit GTA by typing "gta24 -nounivbe" in the gtados directory. This will cause it to skip univbe and use your video card's native drivers instead. Alternatively, get hold of the latest version of univbe from SciTech Software, and run it as a TSR before running GTA. Windows Drivers ( Grand Theft Auto DirectX ) --------------- GTA DirectX will only work correctly if you have the latest Windows 95 Direct X Microsoft-certified driver for your video card. Your video card vendor should be able to supply this. Some of the latest versions of drivers will allow the use of High colour / Low resolution screen modes (recommended). An example of this is the Matrox Millenium. Gravis Ultrasound ----------------- The DOS version of GTA, run under Windows 95, will not play any sound effects with an Ultrasound, UNLESS you shut down windows into MS-DOS mode, or change the PIF from DOS-Box to MS-DOS mode. DOS Version - CD Sound ---------------------- To allow CD audio to play on the DOS version of GTA, when run under a bootable version of DOS, make sure that you have the MSCDEX driver loaded. On a Windows 95 machine, if you play the DOS version through Windows, or in a DOS box, you should get CD audio. Sidewinder Control Pad - In DOS GTA ----------------------------------- The Microsoft Sidewinder pad is not compatible with DOS GTA. However, it can be used with Windows (DirectX) GTA. Voodoo Graphics (3Dfx) Users ---------------------------- GTA supports 3Dfx Glide 2.