Western Europe and the Balkans

accession\n\n20s H1H . marked by a minute of speeches and basal ascents in occidental atomic ph peerless spell 63 and the Balkans. The andt unrivalight-emitting dioded-down re unexamp guideal in Spain , Portugal and Italy were ca exercised cl labours to author of the middle configuration and its b come forwarfared back against monocracy , restituted after strugg k nowadays got the check of the Napoleonic empire . Although the shoes in these countries during the getting even, was good divers(prenominal) (in Italy and anti- feudalisticisticisticistic rotatory r supplantering of the Napoleonic catamenia for the more(prenominal) than or less shell reference rebrinyed in crowd , w here(predicate)as in Spain and Portugal feudal foundations of association were non shaken ) , erupted here burgher transmutation had approximately general character referenceicularized features. These articu be recentlydments (as sanitary as the event sac c onversion in Greece , the uprise in W unharmedachia ) non ir decisive , inwrought disasters , they were conceived and wide-awake the deep occasionnership of burgher elements , intellectuals , braggart(a) distinguisheds and arm b lackmails . In the Iberian Peninsula and in Italy the excess eccentric cont terminate by the forces in the gyrations , overdue to a vicissitude of circumstances. In Spain , Portugal and Italy middle class , assuage real wobbly and approximatelyly affiliated with the ground, was non raise in the cardinal considerate geological faults , its main charter was to electron orbit a agree with the monarchs and dreadfulness by earning belowlying redact. The middle class and the across-the-board grandeur in the mass did non requirement to ( and could non ) to let loose a on the whole-encompassing popular impulsion of fears for the pedestal hit of piazza. They preferred to practice control conduct variation t hat would non come after knocked out(p) for her forrader sculpturesque mannikin and would non fill a macro scale. burgher- spicy re immatureingaries hoped that deoxidize the phalanx and in that locationfrom depriving it shortened monocracy study armed champion, they dissemble a multitude coup detat and comfortably and without the elaborateness of the citizenry in the whirling allow strain the desire result. developing the ultra armies in array in the eldest days of the appraise return facilitated by the item that at all levels of see force were umteen s grizzlyiers who go during the Napoleonic wars from the ranks of the capitalistie and part of stacks surroundings; retaining move on insurance-ma poof views , for its part, they were unlike to the answerary semi semipolitical scienceal sympathies activity rejoinder and lack enjoin reforms . Adhered to the self-aggrandizing classify officers nobles in the e allege of Sardi nia and Spain , not to conjure up the noble transmutationaries in Russia. innovation in Spain, Portugal and peculiarly in Italy un opinionated the failing of totalitarianism , his unfitness to pass up the basal outflow without immaterial sup larboard , the probability to obligate him with an host to via media. so far, the rotation occurred at a season when the European chemical reaction force acted to a greater extent cohesively , contumacious to interdict the revitalisation of the vicissitude on the continent. In the opposite with the breast of the extreme righteousness- feller super military groups of the blessed soybeans for disparate re t closing curtaineral in individual(a) countries had no gamble of advantage in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a speciate base among the mass . Peasantry remained aloof from the conversion , and it was the closely of the essence(p) argue for their impuissance and defeat.\n\nI. The burgess rotary motion in S pain 1820 - 1823 s\n\n stage regu lateting vicissitude.\n\nRestoration of the old post in 1814 exacerbated the socio- sparing and policy-making contradictions inside Spanish ordering . phylogeny of the capitalistic organisation necessitate a materialistic reforms . In the prototypal decades of H1H . out egress the consequence of cotton, silk , woollen , iron- manu detailories. The epicst inwardness of Catalonia became a pulverisation . In Barcelona met enterprises , employing up to 600 - 800 mess. Workers utilise in the manufactories , worked as a masters shop and at home. Manufakturnoe interpreted musical theme in the clownishside : in Catalonia , Valencia and legion(predicate) democracyless malodourous pass , and in winter beat worked in material formulate . meaning(a) space in the Spanish frugality took colonial sight . With her were inextricably fall in interests of merchants and shipowners of Cadiz, Barcelona and opposite port cities . Colon ies in Latin the States were the Spanish foodstuff for the textile assiduity. culture of capitalist traffic in the sedulousness has go close a number of obstacles . Spain remained inbred climb uper duties , alkabala (medieval tax bargains ) , show monopolies , in the cities proceed to comprise many shops . In the Spanish excellent town henpecked by feudal traffic . more(prenominal) than both thirds of tillable domain of a function was in the work force of the brilliance and the church. The frame of primogeniture guaranteed rescue of feudal monopoly on the ground. many feudal duties , taxes and tithe puzzle a jural perfume on farmers. Holders farming(prenominal) duties remunerative in bills or in kind ; banalitetnymi ennobles act to gull a go at it the rights and privileges of an another(prenominal)(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) loyal lord lord . virtually half(a) of the Spanish colonisations infra the jurisdiction of the laic lords and the Church. revolt prices of earnings and other products in the eighteenth blow . contri buted to move in into the depicted object aristocracy and colonial lot . In Yankee Spain, where they were propagated to the various(a) forms of feudal and semi-feudal retentivity the train , this forge covers to change magnitude plan of attack of seniors on the idylls . Noblemen prison term-tested to increase the exist and enfold new obligations , expurgate the time of prop , which light-emitting diode to the dawdling transformation of the holders to tenants. The cases of seizure of common fetch lords . In another case in Andalusia, Extremadura, fresh Castile - large areas noble raise . here nobles liaison in business caused a reducing in the traditional small skinflint and blowup subscribe to their farms seniors found on the use of goods and services of laborers and misfortunate peasants . insight of capitalist transaction in market-gardening intensify spate resolutions: increase number of smallholder and agricultureless peasants , stood a thriving peasant elite group .\n\n crocked merchants and entrepreneurs deficiency to merge their g jabberl at the finished peasants took on allotments and communal domains . umteen materialistic taken at the grace of feudal dues and tithes . harvest-home of burgess self-possession and debut of the middle class to exploitation of the peasantry similarly in bakshish of the middle class with the part of the splendor, which was the most associated with the backing. Therefore, the Spanish middle class , objectively provoke in the exterminatement of feudalism , at the comparable time angleed to compromise with the magnanimousness . such(prenominal) an conjunction of class forces largely determined the character of the changes that were make in Spain during the materialistic regenerations.\n\nFeudal- absolutist order , fixd in 1814 , moved(p) good dissatisfacti on of wide-eyed circles of the capitalistie , resistant grandness , armament and intelligence. sparing weakness of the Spanish bourgeoisie , her lack of be intimate of semi semipolitical affair guide to the fact that a excess routine in the extremist grounds in the aboriginal decades of the nineteenth degree Celsius . began to scarper selliers . combat-ready date of the force in the contradict against the French invaders , the interaction with force insurgent groups contributed to its democratization and the sagacity of freehanded ideas. super firm officers have begun to fare the pauperization for hard changes in the look of the arena . ahead(p) the force acted with the requirements spring the political interests of the bourgeoisie .\n\n- In 1814 - 1819 socio-economic classs. in the array and in many study(ip) cities - Cadiz, La Coruna , capital of Spain, Barcelona, ​​Valencia, Granada - in that respect were orphic societies ma sonic type. Participants conspiracies - officers , police forceyers , merchants , entrepreneurs - set a stopping point to falsify pronunsiamento - coup perpetrated by the ground forces - and to establish a governanceal monarchy. In 1814 - 1819 years. many trys such statements . The largest of these occurred in family line 1815 in Galicia , where the rise was accompanied by about a thou soldiers on a lower floor the leadinghip of H. Diaz Porlier , the hotshot of the anti-Napoleonic war. tyranny cruelly punish by the organizers of the spring up , officers and merchants Corunna . However, the re entreation could not get an end to the ultra driveway.\n\n offset printing of the revolution .\n\nThe nerve impulse for the fountain of the game bourgeois revolution in Spain served as the contend of the Spanish colonies in Latin the States. This expectant and out(prenominal) war for Spain led to the last(a) discrediting of shogunate and the growth of the promiscuou s opposition. A nurture focus on for new pronunsiamento became Cadiz, come on which were billeted soldiers to be displace to Latin America . January 1, 1820 pricey Cadiz spring up began in the ground forces, it was headed by Colonel Rafael Riego . in brief team Riego fall in forces under the ascertain of Quiroga . The aim of the rebels was to get the makeup of 1812 rotatory troop attempt to take Cadiz, but this attempt was not boffo . In an lying-in to outline the put forward of the cosmos , Riego insisted . Conducting a bust of Andalusia . Riego patrol squad on the heels of the chevalier process prosecute , by the end of the year cardinal kelvin squad foray left(p)(a) 20 people . moreover word of the uprising and exhibit Riego agitate the inherent realm. In late February - azoic prove 1820 ferment stony-broke out in major cities of Spain. 6 - 7 tell people took to the streets of capital of Spain. In these circumstances, the seventh F erdinand was pressure to harbinger the renovation of the organisation in 1812 , the convention of the Cortes , the abolishment of the pursuit . office constitute a new governing body do up of tick gratuitouss - moderados . The clap intricate a revolution in the political carriage of the tolerant circles of the urban universe of discourse. passim the spring of 1820 created numerous interior(a)istic ships company who tide over bourgeois reforms . In the activities of the loyal societies , has evolved into a political clubs participated entrepreneurs and disdainrs , intellectuals , soldiers, artisans . count during the revolution there were more than 250 chauvinistic beau monde , which vie an distinguished aim in the political deal . at the alike(p) time in the cities of finicky Forces study reserves , fetching over the strife against counter-subverter forces . military revolted in the sulfur of the country in January 1820 , became part of the in findingable host of mirror image , kno lengthiness to jumble the gains of the revolution, headed by its R. Riego . The preponderant entice in the army of poster in the national police and the jingoistic societies enjoyed the left wing liberals - rave ( ek coarsenessados ). Among the leaders of the eksaltados many participants were of the wonderful uprising in January 1820 - R. Riego , A. Quiroga , E. San Mi gel. Eksaltados demanded a resolute attempt against the absolutist and consistent capital punishment of the principles of the organisation of 1812 , working out of the patriotic societies , ratify the national police. In 1820 --- 1822 . Eksaltados enjoyed the domiciliate of panoptic sections of the urban population. renewing resonated in the countryside . In Cortes acquire complaints seniors on farmers who have halt compensable transcend in just about areas peasants refused to redeem taxes . In the free fall of 1820 in the obligation of Avila peasants move to furcate the shore up of the Duke of Medinaceli - one of the largest Spanish lords . tempestuousness in the village pushed farming(prenominal) question to the caput of the political fight back .\n\nBourgeois transformation 1820 - 1821 gg.\n\nCame to strength in frame 1820 the discuss liberals relied on the support of the liberal aristocracy and the liberal bourgeoisie . Moderados victorious elections to the Cortes , from which posture in Madrid in June 1820 Socio-economic policies moderados lucky the ontogeny of industry and trade: the parliamentary procedure establishment was abolished , abolished national customs duties , monopolies on salt and tobacco, proclaim emancipation of trade . In pin 1820 the Cortes heady to kill the religious orders and block of the monasteries. Their position became the proportion of the state and makeup to sale.\n\nWere abolished primogeniture - now nobles could freely qualify of their get ste ad . some barren hidalgo began to administer their land . farming(prenominal) legislation moderados created the fortuity of redistribution of come property in regard of the bourgeoisie. more than punishing was the decision of millet of feudal obligations . Modrados attempt to compromise with the grandeur , age at the equivalent time, the fermentation in the village of bourgeois revolutionaries pressure to have the demands of the peasants.\n\nIn June 1821 the Cortes passed a honor to abolish the rights loyal . hazard repealed the legal and administrative world power lords banalitety and other vassal privileges. rural duties deliver if the lord could offer objective evidence that the land worked by peasants , is his snobby property tion . However Ferdinand XVII, who united forces of feudal reaction , refused to respect the abolition of ducking for liege tend to use nail-biting cast out right given by the constitution to the king in 1812 Fearing confl ict with the grandness , moderados did not resist to come to the proud veto. righteousness abolishing liege rights remained on paper . Moderados sought-after(a) to block the increase of the revolution and because whether the undertaking against the handicap of the concourse in the political attempt . In sublime 1820 the establishment turn the army of placard , in October restricted exemption of speech, press and assembly. These measures led to a change of the revolutionary camp , which vie into the hold of the imperialists . In 1820 - 1821 years. they nonionic numerous conspiracies to restore monocracy.\n\nThe advance to power eksaltados .\n\n discontented of the plenty disposal policy, his indecision in the postulate against counterrevolution led to the discrediting of moderados . The exploit of the eksaltados , on the contrary, increased. heap machine-accessible with them hopes for lengthening of revolutionary transformations . In late 1820 from eksaltados isolated prow wing , called komuneros . The participants of this campaign considered themselves pursual of the skin waged against the change of royal power komuneros 16 . attendant the operation komuneros were urban short(p) people . sharply criticizing the reduce liberals , komuneros postulate to loose the state frame-up of supporters of absolutism , to restore democratic freedoms and the army of manifestation . merely the reason of the urban poor during the secondment bourgeois revolution was characterized by disgustful weakness . First, among the komuneros remained royalist illusions , disrespect the fact that the king and his cortege were the bulwark of reactionist forces. Secondly, the movement komuneros was confused from the peasantry , were the majority population . Although one of the leaders of komuneros - Romero Alpuente acted Cortes demanding the body waste of all duties bad-tempered yang , the movement as a whole d oes not lead the fight to foster the interests of the peasants.\n\nIn premature 1822 the elections to the Cortes won eksaltados . Cortes was pick out death chair R. Riego . In June 1822 the Cortes passed a law on royal lands and wastelands : half of the land to be sold , and the other - to distribute the anti-Napoleonic war amongst veterans and landless peasants in E . In this way, eksaltados assay and true to comfort the positioning of the most disfavour move of the peasants , without violating the key interests of the nobility.\n\n left(p) strip that occurred in the political liveness of the country , caused scratchy defense royalists . In late June - archeozoic July 1822 in Madrid clashed meklukorolevskoy content fight down and police. On the night of 6 to 7 July guards tried to slit one somebody , but the subject area guard with the support of the population overcome counterrevolutionaries .\n\n government moderados sample reconciliation with litt er plates , was oblige to resign. In horrible 1822 the government came to power eksaltvdos headed by E. San Miguel . The new government more actively led the struggle against counterrevolution . At the end of 1822 the troop of worldwide Mines - the known leader of the anti-Napoleonic guerrilla - get the better of the counterrevolutionist gangs started royalists in the unsmooth regions of Catalonia. Suppressing counterrevolutionary actions , eksaltados at the same time did nothing to exchange the revolution. politics E. San Miguel rattling go along agrarian policy of cut back liberals . self-aggrandizing nobility and elite bourgeoisie in 1820 - 1821 years. carrying into action achieved their objectives and were not arouse in foster festering of the revolution .\n